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class=\"fil3\"\/><path d=\"m21882.8 11180.6 793.9-2381.9c9-39.4 44.3-68.8 86.5-68.8h3494.6v.4c9.2 0 18.5 1.4 27.7 4.4 46.3 15.3 71.4 65.3 56.1 111.6l-793.9 2381.8c-9 39.5-44.3 68.9-86.4 68.9h-3494.7v-.4c-9.2 0-18.5-1.4-27.7-4.4-46.3-15.3-71.4-65.3-56.1-111.6z\" style=\"fill:#4c9f38\"\/><path d=\"m32839.9 8846.3-793.9 2381.9c-9 39.4-44.3 68.9-86.5 68.9h-3494.7v-.5c-9.2 0-18.6-1.4-27.8-4.4-46.2-15.3-71.3-65.3-56.1-111.6l794-2381.8c9-39.5 44.3-68.9 86.5-68.9H32756v.4c9.2 0 18.6 1.4 27.8 4.5 46.3 15.3 71.4 65.2 56.1 111.5z\" style=\"fill:#ff3a21\"\/><path d=\"M28464.8 12205.8h3494.7c42.2 0 77.5 29.4 86.5 68.8l793.8 2381.7c15.3 46.3-9.8 96.3-56.1 111.6-9.2 3-18.5 4.4-27.7 4.4v.5h-3494.6c-42.2 0-77.5-29.5-86.5-68.9l-794-2381.7c-15.2-46.3 9.9-96.3 56.1-111.6 9.2-3 18.6-4.4 27.8-4.4v-.4z\" style=\"fill:#26bde2\"\/><path d=\"m34179.6 11779.1-588.7 1766.2c-8.4 25.6-28.5 47-56.1 56.1-46.2 15.3-96.2-9.8-111.5-56.1l-588.7-1766.2c-5.8-17.4-6.2-36.7 0-55.4l588.7-1766.3c8.5-25.6 28.6-47 56.1-56.1 46.3-15.3 96.3 9.8 111.5 56.1l588.7 1766.3c5.8 17.4 6.2 36.7 0 55.4z\" class=\"fil3\"\/><path d=\"M38457.8 11297.1h-3494.7v-.5c-9.1 0-18.5-1.4-27.7-4.4-46.3-15.3-71.4-65.3-56.1-111.6l793.9-2381.8c9-39.5 44.3-68.9 86.5-68.9h3494.7v.4c9.2 0 18.5 1.4 27.7 4.5 46.3 15.3 71.4 65.2 56.1 111.5l-793.9 2381.9c-9 39.4-44.3 68.9-86.5 68.9z\" style=\"fill:#fcc30b\"\/><path d=\"m38541.6 12266.7 793.8 2381.4c4.9 11 7.7 23.2 7.7 36 0 48.9-39.8 88.7-88.7 88.7h-3494.7v-.5c-37 0-71.6-23.4-83.8-60.5l-793.8-2381.4c-4.9-11-7.6-23.2-7.6-36 0-48.9 39.7-88.6 88.7-88.6h3494.6v.4c37.1 0 71.6 23.4 83.8 60.5z\" style=\"fill:#a21942\"\/><path d=\"m40678.1 11779.1-588.8 1766.2c-8.5 25.6-28.6 47-56.1 56.1-46.3 15.3-96.3-9.8-111.5-56.1l-588.7-1766.2c-5.8-17.4-6.2-36.7 0-55.4l588.7-1766.3c8.4-25.6 28.5-47 56.1-56.1 46.2-15.3 96.2 9.8 111.5 56.1l588.8 1766.3c5.7 17.4 6.1 36.7 0 55.4zM47176.6 11779.1l-588.7 1766.2c-8.5 25.6-28.6 47-56.1 56.1-46.3 15.3-96.3-9.8-111.6-56.1l-588.6-1766.2c-5.8-17.4-6.2-36.7 0-55.4l588.6-1766.3c8.5-25.6 28.6-47 56.1-56.1 46.3-15.3 96.3 9.8 111.6 56.1l588.7 1766.3c5.8 17.4 6.2 36.7 0 55.4z\" class=\"fil3\"\/><path d=\"M44956.4 11297.1h-3494.7v-.5c-9.2 0-18.5-1.4-27.7-4.4-46.3-15.3-71.4-65.3-56.1-111.6l794-2381.8c9-39.5 44.3-68.9 86.4-68.9H45753v.4c9.2 0 18.5 1.4 27.7 4.5 46.3 15.3 71.4 65.2 56.1 111.5l-794 2381.9c-9 39.4-44.3 68.9-86.4 68.9z\" style=\"fill:#fd6925\"\/><path d=\"m45040.2 12266.7 793.8 2381.4c4.9 11 7.6 23.2 7.6 36 0 48.9-39.7 88.7-88.7 88.7h-3494.6v-.5c-37 0-71.6-23.4-83.8-60.5l-793.9-2381.4c-4.9-11-7.6-23.2-7.6-36 0-48.9 39.7-88.6 88.7-88.6h3494.7v.4c37 0 71.6 23.4 83.8 60.5z\" style=\"fill:#dd1367\"\/><path d=\"M25461.8 19381.9H21967v-.4c-9.2 0-18.6-1.4-27.7-4.4-46.3-15.3-71.4-65.3-56.1-111.6l793.9-2381.9c9-39.4 44.3-68.9 86.5-68.9h3494.8v.4c9.2 0 18.6 1.5 27.8 4.5 46.2 15.3 71.3 65.3 56.1 111.5l-794 2382c-9 39.4-44.3 68.8-86.5 68.8z\" style=\"fill:#fd9d24\"\/><path d=\"m27681.8 19863.9-588.8 1766.6c-8.5 25.6-28.5 47-56.1 56.1-46.3 15.3-96.2-9.8-111.5-56.1l-588.8-1766.6c-5.8-17.3-6.2-36.7 0-55.4l588.8-1766.5c8.5-25.7 28.5-47 56.1-56.2 46.3-15.2 96.2 9.9 111.5 56.2l588.8 1766.5c5.8 17.4 6.2 36.7 0 55.4z\" class=\"fil3\"\/><path d=\"m22679.8 22796.8-793.9-2381.6c-4.9-11-7.6-23.2-7.6-36 0-49 39.7-88.7 88.7-88.7h3494.8v.4c37 0 71.6 23.4 83.8 60.5l793.9 2381.7c4.9 11 7.6 23.2 7.6 36 0 48.9-39.7 88.6-88.7 88.6h-3494.8v-.4c-37 0-71.6-23.4-83.8-60.5z\" style=\"fill:#bf8b2e\"\/><path d=\"M31960.1 19382h-3494.9v-.4c-9.2 0-18.5-1.4-27.7-4.4-46.3-15.3-71.4-65.3-56.1-111.6l794-2381.9c9-39.4 44.3-68.9 86.5-68.9h3494.8v.4c9.2 0 18.6 1.5 27.7 4.5 46.3 15.3 71.4 65.3 56.1 111.5l-793.9 2381.9c-9 39.5-44.3 68.9-86.5 68.9z\" style=\"fill:#3f7e44\"\/><path d=\"m32043.9 20351.5 793.9 2381.6c4.9 11 7.6 23.2 7.6 36 0 49-39.7 88.7-88.7 88.7h-3494.8v-.4c-37.1 0-71.6-23.5-83.9-60.6l-793.9-2381.5c-4.9-11-7.6-23.2-7.6-36 0-49 39.7-88.7 88.7-88.7h3494.9v.4c37 0 71.6 23.4 83.8 60.5z\" style=\"fill:#0a97d9\"\/><path d=\"m34180.1 19863.9-588.8 1766.6c-8.5 25.6-28.6 47-56.1 56.1-46.3 15.3-96.3-9.8-111.6-56.1l-588.8-1766.6c-5.8-17.3-6.2-36.7 0-55.4l588.8-1766.4c8.5-25.7 28.6-47 56.1-56.2 46.3-15.2 96.3 9.9 111.6 56.2l588.8 1766.4c5.7 17.4 6.1 36.7 0 55.4z\" class=\"fil3\"\/><path d=\"m39338.7 16931.1-794 2382c-9 39.4-44.3 68.8-86.4 68.8h-3494.9v-.4c-9.1 0-18.5-1.4-27.7-4.4-46.3-15.3-71.4-65.3-56.1-111.6l793.9-2381.9c9-39.4 44.3-68.9 86.5-68.9h3494.9v.4c9.2 0 18.5 1.5 27.7 4.5 46.3 15.3 71.4 65.3 56.1 111.5z\" style=\"fill:#56c02b\"\/><path d=\"m38542.1 20351.5 793.9 2381.6c4.9 11 7.6 23.2 7.6 36 0 48.9-39.7 88.6-88.7 88.6H35760v-.4c-37 0-71.6-23.4-83.8-60.5l-793.8-2381.5c-4.9-11-7.6-23.2-7.6-36 0-49 39.7-88.7 88.6-88.7h3494.9v.4c37 0 71.5 23.4 83.8 60.5z\" style=\"fill:#00689d\"\/><path d=\"m40678.3 19863.9-588.8 1766.6c-8.5 25.6-28.6 47-56.1 56.1-46.3 15.3-96.3-9.8-111.6-56.1l-588.8-1766.6c-5.8-17.3-6.2-36.7 0-55.4l588.8-1766.5c8.5-25.7 28.6-47 56.1-56.2 46.3-15.2 96.3 9.9 111.6 56.2l588.8 1766.5c5.8 17.4 6.2 36.7 0 55.4z\" class=\"fil3\"\/><path d=\"M44956.6 19382h-3494.8v-.4c-9.2 0-18.6-1.4-27.7-4.4-46.3-15.3-71.4-65.3-56.2-111.6l794-2381.9c9-39.4 44.3-68.9 86.5-68.9h3494.8v.4c9.1 0 18.5 1.5 27.7 4.5 46.3 15.3 71.4 65.3 56.1 111.5l-794 2381.9c-9 39.5-44.3 68.9-86.4 68.9z\" style=\"fill:#19486a\"\/><path d=\"m45040.4 20351.5 793.8 2381.6c4.9 11 7.6 23.2 7.6 36 0 49-39.7 88.7-88.6 88.7h-3494.8v-.4c-37 0-71.6-23.5-83.8-60.6l-793.9-2381.5c-4.9-11-7.6-23.2-7.6-36 0-49 39.7-88.7 88.7-88.7h3494.8v.4c37 0 71.6 23.4 83.8 60.5zM47176.6 19863.9l-588.8 1766.6c-8.5 25.6-28.6 47-56.2 56.1-46.2 15.3-96.2-9.8-111.5-56.1l-588.8-1766.6c-5.8-17.3-6.2-36.7 0-55.4l588.8-1766.5c8.5-25.7 28.6-47 56.1-56.2 46.3-15.2 96.3 9.9 111.6 56.2l588.8 1766.5c5.8 17.4 6.2 36.7 0 55.4z\" class=\"fil3\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/svg>\n\n<\/a>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed6e499 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ed6e499\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6aeca63 elementor-widget__width-inherit main-title fr elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6aeca63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Le Glossaire des <a href=\"#D_TechnologiederegistredistribueouDLTsDistributedLedgerTechnologyDLT\" style=\"border-bottom: 2px dashed var(--lite-color);color: var(--accent)\">DLT<\/a><\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-705d7b9 elementor-widget__width-inherit main-title l-en elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"705d7b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"#D_TechnologiederegistredistribueouDLTsDistributedLedgerTechnologyDLT\" style=\"border-bottom: 2px dashed var(--lite-color);color: var(--accent)\">DLT<\/a> glossary<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0b61a6 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-hidden-mobile fr elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b0b61a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Recherche, filtrage et navigation rapide<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bae67a elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-hidden-mobile l-en elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7bae67a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Easy search and filtering<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2379359 e-con-full glossary-container e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2379359\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"GlStart\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4f7846 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e4f7846\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"TheWords\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c77055 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"6c77055\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"alphabetical-bar\">\r\n        <p class=\"\"><\/p>\r\n    <\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e5fe1e elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"7e5fe1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"word-search-container\">\r\n    <!--<label for=\"search-input\" class=\"\">Rechercher un terme pour filtrer la liste de mots<\/label>-->\r\n    <input type=\"search\" id=\"search-input\" placeholder=\"Tapez pour filtrer ou cliquez sur un mot\"\r\n       class=\"\">\r\n   <button id=\"search-clear-btn\" style=\"cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold;\"><span>\u00d7<\/span>\r\n    \r\n    <\/button>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a288e3 elementor-hidden-mobile part-title fr elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0a288e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tous les mots<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8d1e83 elementor-hidden-mobile part-title l-en elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e8d1e83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">words<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7073ba0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"7073ba0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"words\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation_mobile&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- tous les mots. Cliquer sur l'entete de colonne (B), et copier-coller ce code dans wordpress (cliquer sur le lien de cette cellule pour \u00e9diter la page) dans le bon bloc html -->\n<h2 class='alphabet-separator' id='alpha-A'>A<\/h2><a class='gl-h az-w-A acc' href='#D_interfacedeprogrammationapplicativeApplicationProgrammingInterfaceAPI' id='API' >API<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-A acc' href='#D_TeneurdeMarcheAutomatiseAutomatedMarketMakerAMM' id='AMM' >AMM<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-a acc' href='#D_ToleranceauxpannesbyzantinesasynchronesasynchronousByzantineFaultToleranceaBFT' id='aBFT' >aBFT<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-A alt' href='#D_ArbredeMerkleouArbredehachageMerkeltree' id='Arbredehachage' >Arbre de hachage<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-A eng' href='#D_AirdropAirdrop' id='Airdrop' >Airdrop<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-A eng' href='#D_AltcoinAltcoin' id='Altcoin' >Altcoin<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-A eng' href='#D_AtomicSwap' id='AtomicSwap' >Atomic Swap<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-A eng' href='#D_interfacedeprogrammationapplicativeApplicationProgrammingInterfaceAPI' id='ApplicationProgrammingInterface' >Application Programming Interface<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-A eng' href='#D_TeneurdeMarcheAutomatiseAutomatedMarketMakerAMM' id='AutomatedMarketMaker' >Automated Market Maker<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-a eng' href='#D_ToleranceauxpannesbyzantinesasynchronesasynchronousByzantineFaultToleranceaBFT' id='asynchronousByzantineFaultTolerance' >asynchronous Byzantine Fault Tolerance<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-A fr' href='#D_ActifsdumondereelRWA' id='Actifsdumondereel' >Actifs du monde r\u00e9el<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-A fr' href='#D_ActifsdumondereelTokenisationRealworldassetsRWA' id='ActifsdumondereelTokenisation' >Actifs du monde r\u00e9el (Tokenisation)<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-A fr' href='#D_AgentIAonchainOnchainAIagent' id='AgentIAonchain' >Agent IA onchain <\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-A fr' href='#D_AirdropAirdrop' id='Airdrop' >Airdrop<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-A fr' href='#D_AltcoinAltcoin' id='Altcoin' >Altcoin<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-A fr' href='#D_ApplicationdecentraliseeDecentralizedApplicationdApps' id='Applicationdecentralisee' >Application d\u00e9centralis\u00e9e<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-A fr' href='#D_ArbredeMerkleouArbredehachageMerkeltree' id='ArbredeMerkle' >Arbre de Merkle<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-A fr' href='#D_AttestationsverifiablesVC' id='Attestationsverifiables' >Attestations v\u00e9rifiables<\/a>\n<h2 class='alphabet-separator' id='alpha-B'>B<\/h2><a class='gl-h az-w-B acc' href='#D_ToleranceauxpannesbyzantinesByzantineFaultToleranceBFT' id='BFT' >BFT<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-B eng' href='#D_ExplorateurdeblockchainBlockchainExplorer' id='BlockchainExplorer' >Blockchain Explorer<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-B eng' href='#D_ToleranceauxpannesbyzantinesByzantineFaultToleranceBFT' id='ByzantineFaultTolerance' >Byzantine Fault Tolerance<\/a>\n<h2 class='alphabet-separator' id='alpha-C'>C<\/h2><a class='gl-h az-w-C acc' href='#D_FinanceCentraliseeCentralizedfinanceCeFi' id='CeFi' >CeFi<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-C acc' href='#D_PlateformedechangescentralisesCentralizedExchangeCEX' id='CEX' >CEX<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-C eng' href='#D_FinanceCentraliseeCentralizedfinanceCeFi' id='Centralizedfinance' >Centralized finance<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-C eng' href='#D_MonnaieNumeriquedeBanqueCentraleCentralBankDigitalCurrencyCBDCMNBC' id='CentralBankDigitalCurrencyCBDC' >Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC)<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-C eng' href='#D_PlateformedechangescentralisesCentralizedExchangeCEX' id='CentralizedExchange' >Centralized Exchange<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-C fr' href='#D_CryptoactifstableouStablecoinStablecoin' id='CryptoactifstableouStablecoin' >Crypto-actif stable ou Stablecoin<\/a>\n<h2 class='alphabet-separator' id='alpha-D'>D<\/h2><a class='gl-h az-w-d acc' href='#D_ApplicationdecentraliseeDecentralizedApplicationdApps' id='dApps' >dApps<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-D acc' href='#D_DePinDePinDePin' id='DePin' >DePin<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-d acc' href='#D_DigitalMeasurementReportingandVerificationdMRV' id='dMRV' >dMRV<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-D acc' href='#D_FinancedecentraliseeDecentralizedFinanceDeFi' id='DeFi' >DeFi<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-D acc' href='#D_OrganisationAutonomeDecentraliseeDecentralizedAutonomousOrganizationDAO' id='DAO' >DAO<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-D acc' href='#D_PlateformedechangesdecentraliseesDecentralizedExchangeDEX' id='DEX' >DEX<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-D acc' href='#D_TechnologiederegistredistribueouDLTsDistributedLedgerTechnologyDLT' id='DLT' >DLT<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-D acc' href='#D_TresoreriedactifsnumeriquesDigitalAssetTreasuryCompaniesDATs' id='DATs' >DATs<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-D alt' href='#D_TechnologiederegistredistribueouDLTsDistributedLedgerTechnologyDLT' id='DLTs' >DLTs<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-D eng' href='#D_ApplicationdecentraliseeDecentralizedApplicationdApps' id='DecentralizedApplication' >Decentralized Application<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-D eng' href='#D_DePinDePinDePin' id='DePin' >DePin<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-D eng' href='#D_FinancedecentraliseeDecentralizedFinanceDeFi' id='DecentralizedFinance' >Decentralized Finance<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-D eng' href='#D_OrganisationAutonomeDecentraliseeDecentralizedAutonomousOrganizationDAO' id='DecentralizedAutonomousOrganization' >Decentralized Autonomous Organization<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-D eng' href='#D_PlateformedechangesdecentraliseesDecentralizedExchangeDEX' id='DecentralizedExchange' >Decentralized Exchange<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-D eng' href='#D_PreuvedenjeudelegueeDelegatedProofofStake' id='DelegatedProofofStake' >Delegated Proof of Stake<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-D eng' href='#D_TechnologiederegistredistribueouDLTsDistributedLedgerTechnologyDLT' id='DistributedLedgerTechnology' >Distributed Ledger Technology<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-D eng' href='#D_TresoreriedactifsnumeriquesDigitalAssetTreasuryCompaniesDATs' id='DigitalAssetTreasuryCompanies' >Digital Asset Treasury Companies<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-D fr' href='#D_DePinDePinDePin' id='DePin' >DePin<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-D fr' href='#D_DigitalMeasurementReportingandVerificationdMRV' id='DigitalMeasurementReportingandVerification' >Digital Measurement Reporting and Verification<\/a>\n<h2 class='alphabet-separator' id='alpha-E'>E<\/h2><a class='gl-h az-w-E alt' href='#D_MachineVirtuelleEthereumouEVMEthereumVirtualMachine' id='EVM' >EVM<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-E eng' href='#D_MachineVirtuelleEthereumouEVMEthereumVirtualMachine' id='EthereumVirtualMachine' >Ethereum Virtual Machine<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-E fr' href='#D_ExplorateurdeblockchainBlockchainExplorer' id='Explorateurdeblockchain' >Explorateur de blockchain<\/a>\n<h2 class='alphabet-separator' id='alpha-F'>F<\/h2><a class='gl-h az-w-f eng' href='#D_Monnaiefiduciairefiatmoney' id='fiatmoney' >fiat money<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-F eng' href='#D_ScissionForkhardsoft' id='Forkhardsoft' >Fork (hard \/ soft)<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-F eng' href='#D_TelephonebasiqueFeaturephone' id='Featurephone' >Feature phone<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-F fr' href='#D_FinanceCentraliseeCentralizedfinanceCeFi' id='FinanceCentralisee' >Finance Centralis\u00e9e<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-F fr' href='#D_FinancedecentraliseeDecentralizedFinanceDeFi' id='Financedecentralisee' >Finance d\u00e9centralis\u00e9e<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-F fr' href='#D_FinancementquadratiqueQuadraticfunding' id='Financementquadratique' >Financement quadratique<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-F fr' href='#D_FinanceRegenerativeRegenerativeFinanceReFi' id='FinanceRegenerative' >Finance R\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9rative<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-F fr' href='#D_FinanceTraditionnelleTradFi' id='FinanceTraditionnelle' >Finance Traditionnelle<\/a>\n<h2 class='alphabet-separator' id='alpha-G'>G<\/h2><a class='gl-h az-w-G eng' href='#D_GithubGithub' id='Github' >Github<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-G fr' href='#D_GithubGithub' id='Github' >Github<\/a>\n<h2 class='alphabet-separator' id='alpha-H'>H<\/h2><a class='gl-h az-w-H eng' href='#D_HachagefonctiondeHash' id='Hash' >Hash<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-H fr' href='#D_HachagefonctiondeHash' id='Hachagefonctionde' >Hachage (fonction de)<\/a>\n<h2 class='alphabet-separator' id='alpha-I'>I<\/h2><a class='gl-h az-w-I acc' href='#D_InternetdesObjetsInternetofThingsIoT' id='IoT' >IoT<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-I acc' href='#D_OffreinitialedetokenInitialCoinOfferingICO' id='ICO' >ICO<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-I acc' href='#D_SystemedefichierinterplanetaireInterPlanetaryFileSystemIPFS' id='IPFS' >IPFS<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-I eng' href='#D_InternetdesObjetsInternetofThingsIoT' id='InternetofThings' >Internet of Things<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-I eng' href='#D_OffreinitialedetokenInitialCoinOfferingICO' id='InitialCoinOffering' >Initial Coin Offering<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-I eng' href='#D_PortefeuilledidentiteIdentityWallet' id='IdentityWallet' >Identity Wallet<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-I eng' href='#D_SystemedefichierinterplanetaireInterPlanetaryFileSystemIPFS' id='InterPlanetaryFileSystem' >InterPlanetary File System<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-I fr' href='#D_IdentificationparRadiofrequenceRadioFrequencyidentificationRFID' id='IdentificationparRadiofrequence' >Identification par Radiofr\u00e9quence<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-i fr' href='#D_interfacedeprogrammationapplicativeApplicationProgrammingInterfaceAPI' id='interfacedeprogrammationapplicative' >interface de programmation applicative<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-I fr' href='#D_InternetdesObjetsInternetofThingsIoT' id='InternetdesObjets' >Internet des Objets<\/a>\n<h2 class='alphabet-separator' id='alpha-J'>J<\/h2><a class='gl-h az-w-J fr' href='#D_JetonnonfongibleNonFungibleTokenNFT' id='Jetonnonfongible' >Jeton non fongible<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-J fr' href='#D_JetonouTokenisationToken' id='Jeton' >Jeton<\/a>\n<h2 class='alphabet-separator' id='alpha-K'>K<\/h2><a class='gl-h az-w-K fr' href='#D_KitdedeveloppementlogicielSoftwareDevelopmentKitSDK' id='Kitdedeveloppementlogiciel' >Kit de d\u00e9veloppement logiciel<\/a>\n<h2 class='alphabet-separator' id='alpha-L'>L<\/h2><a class='gl-h az-w-L eng' href='#D_ReseauLightningLightningNetwork' id='LightningNetwork' >Lightning Network<\/a>\n<h2 class='alphabet-separator' id='alpha-M'>M<\/h2><a class='gl-h az-w-M acc' href='#D_MonnaieNumeriquedeBanqueCentraleCentralBankDigitalCurrencyCBDCMNBC' id='MNBC' >MNBC<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-M eng' href='#D_ArbredeMerkleouArbredehachageMerkeltree' id='Merkeltree' >Merkel tree<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-M eng' href='#D_MainnetTestnet' id='MainnetTestnet' >Mainnet \/ Testnet<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-M eng' href='#D_MemecoinMemecoin' id='Memecoin' >Meme coin<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-M eng' href='#D_MineurMiner' id='Miner' >Miner<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-M eng' href='#D_MonnaietelecomMobileMoney' id='MobileMoney' >Mobile Money<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-M eng' href='#D_PooldeminageMiningpool' id='Miningpool' >Mining pool<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-M fr' href='#D_MachineVirtuelleEthereumouEVMEthereumVirtualMachine' id='MachineVirtuelleEthereum' >Machine Virtuelle Ethereum<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-M fr' href='#D_MemecoinMemecoin' id='Memecoin' >M\u00e8me coin<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-M fr' href='#D_MineurMiner' id='Mineur' >Mineur<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-M fr' href='#D_Monnaiefiduciairefiatmoney' id='Monnaiefiduciaire' >Monnaie fiduciaire<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-M fr' href='#D_MonnaieNumeriquedeBanqueCentraleCentralBankDigitalCurrencyCBDCMNBC' id='MonnaieNumeriquedeBanqueCentrale' >Monnaie Num\u00e9rique de Banque Centrale<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-M fr' href='#D_MonnaietelecomMobileMoney' id='Monnaietelecom' >Monnaie t\u00e9l\u00e9com<\/a>\n<h2 class='alphabet-separator' id='alpha-N'>N<\/h2><a class='gl-h az-w-N acc' href='#D_JetonnonfongibleNonFungibleTokenNFT' id='NFT' >NFT<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-N eng' href='#D_JetonnonfongibleNonFungibleTokenNFT' id='NonFungibleToken' >Non-Fungible Token<\/a>\n<h2 class='alphabet-separator' id='alpha-O'>O<\/h2><a class='gl-h az-w-O eng' href='#D_AgentIAonchainOnchainAIagent' id='OnchainAIagent' >Onchain AI agent<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-O eng' href='#D_OnChainOffChain' id='OnChainOffChain' >On Chain\/Off Chain<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-o eng' href='#D_onofframponofframp' id='onofframp' >on\/off-ramp<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-O eng' href='#D_OracleOracle' id='Oracle' >Oracle<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-O fr' href='#D_OffreinitialedetokenInitialCoinOfferingICO' id='Offreinitialedetoken' >Offre initiale de token<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-o fr' href='#D_onofframponofframp' id='onofframp' >on\/off-ramp<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-O fr' href='#D_OracleOracle' id='Oracle' >Oracle<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-O fr' href='#D_OrganisationAutonomeDecentraliseeDecentralizedAutonomousOrganizationDAO' id='OrganisationAutonomeDecentralisee' >Organisation Autonome D\u00e9centralis\u00e9e<\/a>\n<h2 class='alphabet-separator' id='alpha-P'>P<\/h2><a class='gl-h az-w-P acc' href='#D_PreuvedautoriteProofofAuthorityPaO' id='PaO' >PaO<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-P acc' href='#D_PreuvedenjeuouPreuvedeparticipationProofofstakePoS' id='PoS' >PoS<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-P alt' href='#D_PortefeuilledecryptoactifsouPortefeuillecryptoWallet' id='Portefeuillecrypto' >Portefeuille crypto<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-P alt' href='#D_PreuvedenjeuouPreuvedeparticipationProofofstakePoS' id='Preuvedeparticipation' >Preuve de participation<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-P eng' href='#D_PreuvedautoriteProofofAuthorityPaO' id='ProofofAuthority' >Proof of Authority<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-P eng' href='#D_PreuvedenjeuouPreuvedeparticipationProofofstakePoS' id='Proofofstake' >Proof-of-stake<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-P fr' href='#D_PhrasemnemotechniqueSeedPhrase' id='Phrasemnemotechnique' >Phrase mn\u00e9motechnique<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-P fr' href='#D_PlateformedechangescentralisesCentralizedExchangeCEX' id='Plateformedechangescentralises' >Plateforme d'\u00e9changes centralis\u00e9s<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-P fr' href='#D_PlateformedechangesdecentraliseesDecentralizedExchangeDEX' id='Plateformedechangesdecentralisees' >Plateforme d'\u00e9changes d\u00e9centralis\u00e9es<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-P fr' href='#D_PooldeminageMiningpool' id='Pooldeminage' >Pool de minage<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-P fr' href='#D_PortefeuilledecryptoactifsouPortefeuillecryptoWallet' id='Portefeuilledecryptoactifs' >Portefeuille de crypto-actifs<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-P fr' href='#D_PortefeuilledidentiteIdentityWallet' id='Portefeuilledidentite' >Portefeuille d\u2019identit\u00e9<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-P fr' href='#D_PreuveadivulgationnulledeconnaissanceZeroKnowledgeProofZKP' id='Preuveadivulgationnulledeconnaissance' >Preuve \u00e0 divulgation nulle de connaissance<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-P fr' href='#D_PreuvedautoriteProofofAuthorityPaO' id='Preuvedautorite' >Preuve d\u2019autorit\u00e9<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-P fr' href='#D_PreuvedenjeudelegueeDelegatedProofofStake' id='Preuvedenjeudeleguee' >Preuve d\u2019enjeu d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9e<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-P fr' href='#D_PreuvedenjeuouPreuvedeparticipationProofofstakePoS' id='Preuvedenjeu' >Preuve d\u2019enjeu<\/a>\n<h2 class='alphabet-separator' id='alpha-Q'>Q<\/h2><a class='gl-h az-w-Q eng' href='#D_FinancementquadratiqueQuadraticfunding' id='Quadraticfunding' >Quadratic funding<\/a>\n<h2 class='alphabet-separator' id='alpha-R'>R<\/h2><a class='gl-h az-w-R acc' href='#D_ActifsdumondereelRWA' id='RWA' >RWA<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-R acc' href='#D_ActifsdumondereelTokenisationRealworldassetsRWA' id='RWA' >RWA<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-R acc' href='#D_FinanceRegenerativeRegenerativeFinanceReFi' id='ReFi' >ReFi<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-R acc' href='#D_IdentificationparRadiofrequenceRadioFrequencyidentificationRFID' id='RFID' >RFID<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-R eng' href='#D_ActifsdumondereelTokenisationRealworldassetsRWA' id='Realworldassets' >Real-world assets<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-R eng' href='#D_FinanceRegenerativeRegenerativeFinanceReFi' id='RegenerativeFinance' >Regenerative Finance<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-R eng' href='#D_IdentificationparRadiofrequenceRadioFrequencyidentificationRFID' id='RadioFrequencyidentification' >Radio Frequency identification<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-R fr' href='#D_ReseauLightningLightningNetwork' id='ReseauLightning' >R\u00e9seau Lightning<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-R fr' href='#D_ResolveuruniverseldidentiteUniversalDIDResolver' id='Resolveuruniverseldidentite' >R\u00e9solveur universel d'identit\u00e9<\/a>\n<h2 class='alphabet-separator' id='alpha-S'>S<\/h2><a class='gl-h az-w-S acc' href='#D_KitdedeveloppementlogicielSoftwareDevelopmentKitSDK' id='SDK' >SDK<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-S eng' href='#D_CryptoactifstableouStablecoinStablecoin' id='Stablecoin' >Stable coin<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-S eng' href='#D_KitdedeveloppementlogicielSoftwareDevelopmentKitSDK' id='SoftwareDevelopmentKit' >Software Development Kit<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-S eng' href='#D_PhrasemnemotechniqueSeedPhrase' id='SeedPhrase' >Seed Phrase<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-S eng' href='#D_SatoshiSatoshi' id='Satoshi' >Satoshi<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-S eng' href='#D_Sidechain' id='Sidechain' >Sidechain<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-S eng' href='#D_SmartContract' id='SmartContract' >Smart Contract<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-S eng' href='#D_Staking' id='Staking' >Staking<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-S fr' href='#D_SatoshiSatoshi' id='Satoshi' >Satoshi<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-S fr' href='#D_ScissionForkhardsoft' id='Scission' >Scission<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-S fr' href='#D_SystemedefichierinterplanetaireInterPlanetaryFileSystemIPFS' id='Systemedefichierinterplanetaire' >Syst\u00e8me de fichier inter-plan\u00e9taire<\/a>\n<h2 class='alphabet-separator' id='alpha-T'>T<\/h2><a class='gl-h az-w-T alt' href='#D_JetonouTokenisationToken' id='Tokenisation' >Tokenisation<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-T eng' href='#D_FinanceTraditionnelleTradFi' id='TradFi' >TradFi<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-T eng' href='#D_JetonouTokenisationToken' id='Token' >Token<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-T fr' href='#D_TechnologiederegistredistribueouDLTsDistributedLedgerTechnologyDLT' id='Technologiederegistredistribue' >Technologie de registre distribu\u00e9<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-T fr' href='#D_TelephonebasiqueFeaturephone' id='Telephonebasique' >T\u00e9l\u00e9phone basique<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-T fr' href='#D_TeneurdeMarcheAutomatiseAutomatedMarketMakerAMM' id='TeneurdeMarcheAutomatise' >Teneur de March\u00e9 Automatis\u00e9<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-T fr' href='#D_TokenisationCarbone' id='TokenisationCarbone' >Tokenisation Carbone<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-T fr' href='#D_Tokenisationdelectricite' id='Tokenisationdelectricite' >Tokenisation d'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-T fr' href='#D_ToleranceauxpannesbyzantinesasynchronesasynchronousByzantineFaultToleranceaBFT' id='Toleranceauxpannesbyzantinesasynchrones' >Tol\u00e9rance aux pannes byzantines asynchrones<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-T fr' href='#D_ToleranceauxpannesbyzantinesByzantineFaultToleranceBFT' id='Toleranceauxpannesbyzantines' >Tol\u00e9rance aux pannes byzantines<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-T fr' href='#D_TresoreriedactifsnumeriquesDigitalAssetTreasuryCompaniesDATs' id='Tresoreriedactifsnumeriques' >Tr\u00e9sorerie d'actifs num\u00e9riques<\/a>\n<h2 class='alphabet-separator' id='alpha-U'>U<\/h2><a class='gl-h az-w-U eng' href='#D_ResolveuruniverseldidentiteUniversalDIDResolver' id='UniversalDIDResolver' >Universal DID Resolver<\/a>\n<h2 class='alphabet-separator' id='alpha-V'>V<\/h2><a class='gl-h az-w-V acc' href='#D_AttestationsverifiablesVC' id='VC' >VC<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-V eng' href='#D_VaultVault' id='Vault' >Vault<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-V fr' href='#D_VaultVault' id='Vault' >Vault<\/a>\n<h2 class='alphabet-separator' id='alpha-W'>W<\/h2><a class='gl-h az-w-W eng' href='#D_PortefeuilledecryptoactifsouPortefeuillecryptoWallet' id='Wallet' >Wallet<\/a>\n<h2 class='alphabet-separator' id='alpha-Z'>Z<\/h2><a class='gl-h az-w-Z acc' href='#D_PreuveadivulgationnulledeconnaissanceZeroKnowledgeProofZKP' id='ZKP' >ZKP<\/a>\n<a class='gl-h az-w-Z eng' href='#D_PreuveadivulgationnulledeconnaissanceZeroKnowledgeProofZKP' id='ZeroKnowledgeProof' >Zero Knowledge Proof<\/a>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5aa0b04 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5aa0b04\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"TheDefinitions\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3cfb522 elementor-hidden-mobile fr elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3cfb522\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"DefinitionTitle\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">D\u00e9finitions<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-976f0fe elementor-hidden-mobile l-en elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"976f0fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Definitions<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24629c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"24629c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"Definitions\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- toutes les d\u00e9finitions. Cliquer sur l'entete de colonne (C), et copier-coller ce code dans wordpress (cliquer sur le lien de cette cellule pour \u00e9diter la bonne page) dans le bon bloc html -->\n<div class='flex gapped' id='TheDefinitions'>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-A'  id='D_ActifsdumondereelRWA'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Actifs du monde r\u00e9el - RWA<\/h3><span><\/span><p>La <a href='#D_JetonouTokenisationToken' class='glossary-link'>tokenisation<\/a> consiste \u00e0 transformer un droit de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 ou un actif financier (immobilier, \u0153uvre d'art, brevet, cr\u00e9ance) en un jeton num\u00e9rique (<a href='#D_JetonouTokenisationToken' class='glossary-link'>token<\/a>) \u00e9changeable sur une blockchain publique. Ce processus permet de diviser un bien physique ou \u00e9conomique en unit\u00e9s plus petites, facilitant ainsi son \u00e9change en pair-\u00e0-pair sans interm\u00e9diaire traditionnel.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3> (RWA)<\/h3><p>Tokenization involves transforming a property right or financial asset (real estate, artwork, patent, debt) into a digital <a href='#D_JetonouTokenisationToken' class='glossary-link'>token<\/a> that can be traded on a public blockchain. This process allows a physical or economic asset to be divided into smaller units, thus facilitating peer-to-peer exchange without traditional intermediaries.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-A'  id='D_ActifsdumondereelTokenisationRealworldassetsRWA'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Actifs du monde r\u00e9el (Tokenisation), <i>Real-world assets<\/i> - RWA<\/h3><span><\/span><p>La <a href='#D_JetonouTokenisationToken' class='glossary-link'>tokenisation<\/a> consiste \u00e0 transformer un droit de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 ou un actif financier (immobilier, \u0153uvre d'art, brevet, cr\u00e9ance) en un jeton num\u00e9rique (<a href='#D_JetonouTokenisationToken' class='glossary-link'>token<\/a>) \u00e9changeable sur une blockchain publique. Ce processus permet de diviser un bien physique ou \u00e9conomique en unit\u00e9s plus petites, facilitant ainsi son \u00e9change en pair-\u00e0-pair sans interm\u00e9diaire traditionnel.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Real-world assets (RWA)<\/h3><p>Tokenization involves transforming a property right or financial asset (real estate, artwork, patent, debt) into a digital <a href='#D_JetonouTokenisationToken' class='glossary-link'>token<\/a> that can be traded on a public blockchain. This process allows a physical or economic asset to be divided into smaller units, thus facilitating peer-to-peer exchange without traditional intermediaries.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-A'  id='D_AgentIAonchainOnchainAIagent'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Agent IA onchain , <i>Onchain AI agent<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Un agent IA onchain est un programme d'intelligence artificielle dont les d\u00e9cisions et les actions sont ex\u00e9cut\u00e9es directement sur une blockchain, via des smart contracts, sans intervention humaine dans la boucle d'ex\u00e9cution. La distinction avec un agent IA classique tient \u00e0 trois propri\u00e9t\u00e9s que la blockchain lui conf\u00e8re : ses actions sont transparentes (toute d\u00e9cision est inscrite dans un registre public et v\u00e9rifiable), irr\u00e9vocables (une fois ex\u00e9cut\u00e9e, une transaction ne peut \u00eatre annul\u00e9e unilat\u00e9ralement) et autonomes au sens juridico-technique (l'agent peut d\u00e9tenir un portefeuille num\u00e9rique, signer des transactions, g\u00e9rer des actifs, interagir avec d'autres protocoles sans qu'un humain autorise chaque op\u00e9ration individuellement). <\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Onchain AI agent<\/h3><p>An onchain AI agent is an artificial intelligence program whose decisions and actions are executed directly on a blockchain, via smart contracts, without human intervention in the execution loop. The distinction from a classic AI agent lies in three properties conferred by the blockchain: its actions are transparent (every decision is recorded in a public and verifiable ledger), irrevocable (once executed, a transaction cannot be unilaterally reversed), and autonomous in a legal and technical sense (the agent can hold a digital <a href='#D_PortefeuilledecryptoactifsouPortefeuillecryptoWallet' class='glossary-link'>wallet<\/a>, sign transactions, manage assets, and interact with other protocols without a human authorizing each operation individually).<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-A'  id='D_AirdropAirdrop'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Airdrop, <i>Airdrop<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Un airdrop est une proc\u00e9dure de distribution gratuite de crypto-actifs ou de jetons (tokens) directement dans le portefeuille crypto d'un utilisateur. Cette op\u00e9ration est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement orchestr\u00e9e par les cr\u00e9ateurs d'un projet blockchain ou d'une application d\u00e9centralis\u00e9e (dApp) pour r\u00e9compenser la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 des premiers utilisateurs, stimuler l'adoption d'un nouveau protocole ou assurer une r\u00e9partition d\u00e9centralis\u00e9e de la gouvernance d\u00e8s le lancement du mainnet.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Airdrop<\/h3><p>An airdrop is a procedure for distributing free crypto-assets or tokens directly into a user's crypto <a href='#D_PortefeuilledecryptoactifsouPortefeuillecryptoWallet' class='glossary-link'>wallet<\/a>. This operation is generally orchestrated by the creators of a blockchain project or a decentralized application (dApp) to reward early adopters, stimulate adoption of a new protocol, or ensure decentralized governance from the mainnet launch.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-A'  id='D_AltcoinAltcoin'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Altcoin, <i>Altcoin<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Un <a href='#D_AltcoinAltcoin' class='glossary-link'>Altcoin<\/a> d\u00e9signe tous les crypto-actifs alternatifs \u00e0 bitcoin. Depuis la cr\u00e9ation de Bitcoin en 2009, le site coinmarketcap.com en d\u00e9nombrait 2 360 au 22 juillet 2019, 20 246 en juillet 2022 et plus de 30 millions\u00b2 en janvier 2026 pour une valorisation approximative de 1 300 milliards de dollars. L'explosion du nombre d'<a href='#D_AltcoinAltcoin' class='glossary-link'>altcoin<\/a> \u00e0 partir de 2024 s'explique par le d\u00e9veloppement des plateformes No-Code et de l'automatisation par des IA, notamment sur la blockchain publique Solana.\"<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Altcoin<\/h3><p>An <a href='#D_AltcoinAltcoin' class='glossary-link'>altcoin<\/a> refers to any alternative cryptocurrency to Bitcoin. Since Bitcoin's creation in 2009, coinmarketcap.com counted 2,360 altcoins as of July 22, 2019, 20,246 in July 2022, and over 30 million\u00b2 in January 2026, with an approximate valuation of $1.3 trillion. The explosion in the number of altcoins from 2024 onward is explained by the development of no-code platforms and AI-powered automation, particularly on the Solana public blockchain.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-A'  id='D_ApplicationdecentraliseeDecentralizedApplicationdApps'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Application d\u00e9centralis\u00e9e, <i>Decentralized Application<\/i> - dApps<\/h3><span><\/span><p>Une dApp, decentralized Application, application d\u00e9centralis\u00e9e est un logiciel en ligne dont le fonctionnement ne repose pas sur un serveur central unique, mais sur une infrastructure distribu\u00e9e comme les n\u0153uds d'une blockchain publique. Contrairement aux applications classiques (comme Facebook ou Uber) contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par une seule entreprise, une dApp utilise des smart contracts* pour automatiser ses r\u00e8gles de mani\u00e8re transparente et immuable. Cela garantit que l'application reste accessible et fonctionnelle sans interruption, m\u00eame si ses cr\u00e9ateurs disparaissent, offrant ainsi une r\u00e9sistance native \u00e0 la censure et une s\u00e9curit\u00e9 accrue pour les utilisateurs.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Decentralized Application (dApps)<\/h3><p>A decentralized application (dApp) is online software that doesn't rely on a single central server, but rather on a distributed infrastructure such as the nodes of a public blockchain. Unlike traditional applications (like Facebook or Uber) controlled by a single company, a dApp uses smart contracts* to automate its rules in a transparent and immutable way. This ensures that the application remains accessible and functional without interruption, even if its creators disappear, thus providing inherent resistance to censorship and enhanced security for users.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-A'  id='D_ArbredeMerkleouArbredehachageMerkeltree'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Arbre de Merkle (ou Arbre de hachage), <i>Merkel tree<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>En informatique et en cryptographie, un arbre de Merkel est une structure de donn\u00e9es contenant un r\u00e9sum\u00e9 d'information d'un grand volume de donn\u00e9es. Le principe d'un arbre de hachage est de pouvoir v\u00e9rifier l'int\u00e9grit\u00e9 d'un ensemble de donn\u00e9es sans les avoir n\u00e9cessairement toutes au moment de la v\u00e9rification. Pour ce faire, au sein d\u2019une s\u00e9rie de donn\u00e9es, l\u2019une d\u2019entre elles est <a href='#D_HachagefonctiondeHash' class='glossary-link'>hash<\/a>\u00e9e. Ce <a href='#D_HachagefonctiondeHash' class='glossary-link'>hash<\/a> sera accol\u00e9 \u00e0 un <a href='#D_HachagefonctiondeHash' class='glossary-link'>hash<\/a> d\u2019une deuxi\u00e8me donn\u00e9e issue de la m\u00eame s\u00e9rie. Cette concat\u00e9nation va permettre de cr\u00e9er un <a href='#D_HachagefonctiondeHash' class='glossary-link'>hash<\/a> parent. Le processus se r\u00e9p\u00e8te avec les <a href='#D_HachagefonctiondeHash' class='glossary-link'>hash<\/a> parents jusqu\u2019\u00e0 arriver \u00e0 un <a href='#D_HachagefonctiondeHash' class='glossary-link'>hash<\/a> unique, appel\u00e9 le <a href='#D_HachagefonctiondeHash' class='glossary-link'>hash<\/a> sommet. Ainsi, pour v\u00e9rifier l\u2019int\u00e9grit\u00e9 d\u2019une donn\u00e9e, il suffit de conna\u00eetre le <a href='#D_HachagefonctiondeHash' class='glossary-link'>hash<\/a> des donn\u00e9es qui lui sont reli\u00e9es. <\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Merkel tree<\/h3><p>In computer science and cryptography, a Merkel tree is a data structure containing a summary of information from a large volume of data. The principle of a <a href='#D_HachagefonctiondeHash' class='glossary-link'>hash<\/a> tree is to be able to verify the integrity of a set of data without necessarily having all the data available at the time of verification. To do this, within a series of data, one of the entries is hashed. This <a href='#D_HachagefonctiondeHash' class='glossary-link'>hash<\/a> is then combined with the <a href='#D_HachagefonctiondeHash' class='glossary-link'>hash<\/a> of a second entry from the same series. This concatenation creates a parent <a href='#D_HachagefonctiondeHash' class='glossary-link'>hash<\/a>. The process is repeated with the parent hashes until a single <a href='#D_HachagefonctiondeHash' class='glossary-link'>hash<\/a> is obtained, called the apex <a href='#D_HachagefonctiondeHash' class='glossary-link'>hash<\/a>. Thus, to verify the integrity of a piece of data, it is sufficient to know the hashes of the data to which it is linked.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-A'  id='D_AtomicSwap'><div class='l-fr'><h3><i>Atomic Swap<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>En finance, le swap, de l'anglais to swap \u2013 \u00e9changer, d\u00e9signe un contrat d'\u00e9change financier. Dans le domaine des crypto-actifs, un <a href='#D_AtomicSwap' class='glossary-link'>Atomic Swap<\/a> d\u00e9signe une m\u00e9thode d\u2019\u00e9change de <a href='#D_JetonouTokenisationToken' class='glossary-link'>token<\/a> en pair-\u00e0-pair. Cette m\u00e9thode repose sur un <a href='#D_SmartContract' class='glossary-link'>smart contract<\/a>* sp\u00e9cifique appel\u00e9 \u00ab contrats \u00e0 empreinte num\u00e9rique verrouill\u00e9s dans le temps\u202f\u00bb (hashed TimeLocked Contracts (HTLCs). Le principe repose sur la garantie que les deux personnes qui \u00e9changent des tokens le feront r\u00e9ellement. Le <a href='#D_SmartContract' class='glossary-link'>smart contract<\/a> requiert que le destinataire d\u2019un paiement accuse r\u00e9ception du paiement dans un temps imparti, en g\u00e9n\u00e9rant un r\u00e9c\u00e9piss\u00e9 cryptographique. Si ce n\u2019est pas le cas, le destinataire perd le droit d'acc\u00e9der aux fonds qui sont alors retourn\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019exp\u00e9diteur.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Atomic Swap<\/h3><p>In finance, a swap, from the English word \"to swap,\" refers to a financial exchange contract. In the realm of crypto-assets, an <a href='#D_AtomicSwap' class='glossary-link'>Atomic Swap<\/a> is a peer-to-peer <a href='#D_JetonouTokenisationToken' class='glossary-link'>token<\/a> exchange method. This method relies on a specific <a href='#D_SmartContract' class='glossary-link'>smart contract<\/a>* called a \"hashed Time-Locked Contract\" (HTLC). The principle is based on the guarantee that the two parties exchanging tokens will actually do so. The <a href='#D_SmartContract' class='glossary-link'>smart contract<\/a> requires the recipient of a payment to acknowledge receipt within a specified timeframe by generating a cryptographic receipt. If this does not occur, the recipient loses the right to access the funds, which are then returned to the sender.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-A'  id='D_AttestationsverifiablesVC'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Attestations v\u00e9rifiables - VC<\/h3><span><\/span><p>En anglais, Verifiable Credentials, preuves num\u00e9riques d\u00e9livr\u00e9es par un tiers <br>(appel\u00e9 issuer) \u00e0 un utilisateur (holder) prouvant une caract\u00e9ristique de son identit\u00e9 <br>(son \u00e2ge, son lieu de naissance, \u2026). Ainsi, en pr\u00e9sentant ces attestations v\u00e9rifiables<br> \u00e0 un v\u00e9rificateur (verifier), l\u2019utilisateur peut transmettre les informations strictement <br>n\u00e9cessaires pour acc\u00e9der \u00e0 un service tout en restant ma\u00eetre de ses donn\u00e9es personnelles.<br>Retrouvez une d\u00e9finition en vid\u00e9o<br>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=dlxrrRgLdj4&list=PL1gK6rIdnJSWN7Awwz9AUXyBM<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3> (VC)<\/h3><p>In English, Verifiable Credentials are digital documents issued by a third party (called an issuer) to a user (holder) proving a characteristic of their identity (their age, place of birth, etc.). By presenting these verifiable credentials to a verifier, the user can provide only the information strictly necessary to access a service while remaining in control of their personal data.<br>Find a definition in video format:<br>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=UaLiD3DIgOI&list=PL1gK6rIdnJSWN7Awwz9AUXyBM<br><\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-C'  id='D_CryptoactifstableouStablecoinStablecoin'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Crypto-actif stable ou Stablecoin, <i>Stable coin<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Un crypto-actif stable, ou stablecoin en anglais, est un crypto-actif con\u00e7u pour maintenir une valeur fixe en \u00e9tant index\u00e9, c'est \u00e0 dire collat\u00e9ralis\u00e9 sur une <a href='#D_Monnaiefiduciairefiatmoney' class='glossary-link'>monnaie fiduciaire<\/a>, comme le dollar ou l'euro, ou sur un autre actif de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence. Contrairement aux cryptomonnaies classiques, volatiles par essence, un stablecoin offre la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 d'un actif pr\u00e9visible tout en conservant les avantages techniques des blockchains publiques dont notamment la rapidit\u00e9 des r\u00e8glements et l'absence d'interm\u00e9diaires. Il est important de distinguer au moins les stablecoins centralis\u00e9s, dont les r\u00e9serves physiques de monnaies fiduciaires sont d\u00e9pos\u00e9es en banque, et les stablecoins d\u00e9centralis\u00e9s, qui utilisent d'autres crypto-actifs comme r\u00e9serve de valeur pour garantir leur parit\u00e9. Le Dai de MakerDAO en est l'exemple le plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bre : sa valeur reste fix\u00e9e \u00e0 1 dollar gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un syst\u00e8me de gestion automatique des r\u00e9serves en crypto-actifs.<br>Retrouvez une d\u00e9finition en vid\u00e9o<br>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=O4HebdCfo7Q&list=PL1gK6rIdnJSWN7Awwz9AUXyBMLEm8jB34&index=3 <\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Stable coin<\/h3><p>A stablecoin, or stable asset, is a cryptocurrency designed to maintain a fixed value by being pegged to, or collateralized against, a fiat currency, such as the dollar or the euro, or another reference asset. Unlike traditional cryptocurrencies, which are inherently volatile, a stablecoin offers the security of a predictable asset while retaining the technical advantages of public blockchains, including fast settlements and the absence of intermediaries. It is important to distinguish between centralized stablecoins, whose physical reserves of fiat currency are deposited in banks, and decentralized stablecoins, which use other cryptocurrencies as a store of value to guarantee their parity. MakerDAO's Dai is the most famous example: its value remains fixed at $1 thanks to an automated system for managing its cryptocurrency reserves.<br>Find a definition in a video format: <br>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=O4HebdCfo7Q&list=PL1gK6rIdnJSWN7Awwz9AUXyBMLEm8jB34&index=5 <\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-D'  id='D_DePinDePinDePin'><div class='l-fr'><h3>DePin, <i>DePin<\/i> - DePin<\/h3><span><\/span><p>Un r\u00e9seau d'infrastructures physiques d\u00e9centralis\u00e9es (Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Network, DePIN) est un mod\u00e8le organisationnel dans lequel des acteurs individuels d\u00e9ploient et op\u00e8rent des \u00e9quipements physiques, par exemple, des antennes de t\u00e9l\u00e9communication, des serveurs de stockage, des capteurs environnementaux, des panneaux solaires, coordonn\u00e9s par des smart contracts et r\u00e9mun\u00e9r\u00e9s en jetons num\u00e9riques proportionnellement \u00e0 leur contribution v\u00e9rifi\u00e9e. Ce m\u00e9canisme permet de constituer une infrastructure distribu\u00e9e sans investisseur centralis\u00e9, chaque participant finan\u00e7ant sa propre contribution en anticipation de revenus futurs.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>DePin (DePin)<\/h3><p>A decentralized physical infrastructure network (DePIN) is an organizational model in which individual actors deploy and operate physical equipment, such as telecommunications antennas, storage servers, environmental sensors, and solar panels, coordinated by smart contracts and compensated with digital tokens proportional to their verified contribution. This mechanism enables the creation of a distributed infrastructure without a centralized investor, as each participant finances their own contribution in anticipation of future revenue.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-D'  id='D_DigitalMeasurementReportingandVerificationdMRV'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Digital Measurement Reporting and Verification - dMRV<\/h3><span><\/span><p>Sur une blockchain publique, c\u2019est un syst\u00e8me construit pour permettre <br>de suivre, v\u00e9rifier et rapporter des donn\u00e9es de mani\u00e8re d\u00e9centralis\u00e9e, <br>sans d\u00e9pendre d'une seule entit\u00e9 centrale.<br>Retrouvez une d\u00e9finition en vid\u00e9o<br>https:\/\/youtu.be\/593tHL6gI7c <\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3> (dMRV)<\/h3><p>On a public blockchain, it is a system built to enable data to be tracked, verified,<br>and reported in a decentralized manner, without relying on a single central entity.<br>Find a definition in video format:<br>https:\/\/youtu.be\/593tHL6gI7c <\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-E'  id='D_ExplorateurdeblockchainBlockchainExplorer'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Explorateur de blockchain, <i>Blockchain Explorer<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Toute blockchain publique dispose d'une interface de ligne de commande (Command line interface - CLI) pour afficher l'historique des transactions sur le r\u00e9seau. Afin de permettre \u00e0 quiconque d\u2019acc\u00e9der \u00e0 l\u2019historique de ces transactions, la plupart des blockchains publiques proposent \u00e9galement un \u00ab explorateur \u00bb accessible via un navigateur web afin d\u2019afficher de mani\u00e8re conviviale les informations recherch\u00e9es. Voir par exemple blockchain.com\/explorer .<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Blockchain Explorer<\/h3><p>Every public blockchain has a command-line interface (CLI) to display the transaction history on the network. To allow anyone to access this transaction history, most public blockchains also offer a web browser-based \"explorer\" to display the desired information in a user-friendly way. See, for example, blockchain.com\/explorer.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-F'  id='D_FinanceCentraliseeCentralizedfinanceCeFi'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Finance Centralis\u00e9e, <i>Centralized finance<\/i> - CeFi<\/h3><span><\/span><p>La finance centralis\u00e9e utilise la technologie des blockchains et des crypto-actifs, mais fonctionne avec des acteurs centralis\u00e9s. Elle propose des services similaires \u00e0 ceux des banques, avec des transactions rapides, tout en restant en lien avec la finance traditionnelle.<br>Retrouvez une d\u00e9finition en vid\u00e9o<br>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ZGnC6dggz2o&list=PL1gK6rIdnJSWN7Awwz9AUXyBMLEm8jB34&index=19 <br><\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Centralized finance (CeFi)<\/h3><p><br><br>Centralized finance uses blockchain and crypto-asset technology, but operates with centralized actors. It offers services similar to those of banks, with fast transactions, while remaining linked to traditional finance.<br>Find a definition in a video format:<br>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=eBAYOdt0OAc&list=PL1gK6rIdnJSWN7Awwz9AUXyBMLEm8jB34&index=18 <\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-F'  id='D_FinancedecentraliseeDecentralizedFinanceDeFi'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Finance d\u00e9centralis\u00e9e, <i>Decentralized Finance<\/i> - DeFi<\/h3><span><\/span><p>La <a href='#D_FinancedecentraliseeDecentralizedFinanceDeFi' class='glossary-link'>DeFi<\/a> est un \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me d\u2019applications reproduisant des services financiers sur une blockchain. Elles permettent \u00e0 quiconque en a les moyens et ind\u00e9pendamment du pays o\u00f9 il se trouve ou de sa nationalit\u00e9, d\u2019emprunter, pr\u00eater et investir, assurer et \u00e9changer des crypto-actifs sans passer par un interm\u00e9diaire, les transactions \u00e9tant s\u00e9curis\u00e9es via l\u2019usage d\u2019une blockchain et de smart contracts.<br>Retrouvez une d\u00e9finition en vid\u00e9o<br>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ZGnC6dggz2o&list=PL1gK6rIdnJSWN7Awwz9AUXyBMLEm8jB34&index=19<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Decentralized Finance (DeFi)<\/h3><p><a href='#D_FinancedecentraliseeDecentralizedFinanceDeFi' class='glossary-link'>DeFi<\/a> is an ecosystem of applications that replicate financial services on a blockchain. It allows anyone with the means, regardless of their country of residence or nationality, to borrow, lend, invest, insure, and exchange crypto-assets without intermediaries, as transactions are secured through the use of blockchain and smart contracts.<br>Find a definition in a video format:<br>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=eBAYOdt0OAc&list=PL1gK6rIdnJSWN7Awwz9AUXyBMLEm8jB34&index=18 <\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-F'  id='D_FinancementquadratiqueQuadraticfunding'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Financement quadratique, <i>Quadratic funding<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Il s'agit d'un m\u00e9canisme de financement participatif qui vise \u00e0 optimiser le financement des biens publics. Dans le financement quadratique, la contribution d'un individu \u00e0 un projet est \u00e9lev\u00e9e \u00e0 la puissance de deux, puis ajout\u00e9e aux contributions des autres individus. La somme totale est ensuite utilis\u00e9e pour d\u00e9terminer la part de financement du projet dans le pool de financement total. Ce m\u00e9canisme favorise un plus grand nombre de contributeurs et r\u00e9duit l'influence des gros donateurs.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Quadratic funding<\/h3><p>This is a crowdfunding mechanism designed to optimize the financing of public goods. In quadratic crowdfunding, an individual's contribution to a project is multiplied by two and then added to the contributions of other individuals. The total sum is then used to determine the project's share of the overall funding pool. This mechanism encourages a greater number of contributors and reduces the influence of large donors.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-F'  id='D_FinanceRegenerativeRegenerativeFinanceReFi'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Finance R\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9rative, <i>Regenerative Finance<\/i> - ReFi<\/h3><span><\/span><p>La Finance R\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9rative est un concept immature n\u00e9 au sein de la <a href='#D_FinancedecentraliseeDecentralizedFinanceDeFi' class='glossary-link'>DeFi<\/a> qui vise \u00e0 aligner la finance d\u00e9centralis\u00e9e avec les objectifs de durabilit\u00e9, de r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ration environnementale et d'\u00e9quit\u00e9 sociale, en restaurant et revitalisant les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes, les communaut\u00e9s et les \u00e9conomies locales.<br>Retrouvez une d\u00e9finition en vid\u00e9o<br>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=IaCJ1Y4XL1w&list=PL1gK6rIdnJSWN7Awwz9AUXyBMLEm8jB34&index=15<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Regenerative Finance (ReFi)<\/h3><p>Regenerative Finance is an immature concept born within <a href='#D_FinancedecentraliseeDecentralizedFinanceDeFi' class='glossary-link'>DeFi<\/a> that aims to align decentralized finance with the goals of sustainability, environmental regeneration and social equity, by restoring and revitalizing ecosystems, communities and local economies.<br>Find a definition in a video format:<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-F'  id='D_FinanceTraditionnelleTradFi'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Finance Traditionnelle, <i>TradFi<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>La finance traditionnelle d\u00e9signe le syst\u00e8me financier actuel, fond\u00e9 sur les monnaies nationales, les banques centrales, les banques commerciales et d'autres institutions financi\u00e8res, et qui permet d\u2019acc\u00e9der \u00e0 des services comme les paiements, l\u2019\u00e9pargne, <br>le cr\u00e9dit ou encore l\u2019investissement.<br>Retrouvez une d\u00e9finition en vid\u00e9o<br>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ZGnC6dggz2o&list=PL1gK6rIdnJSWN7Awwz9AUXyBMLEm8jB34&index=19 <\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>TradFi<\/h3><p>Traditional finance refers to the current financial system, based on national currencies, central banks, commercial banks, and other financial institutions, which provides access to services such as payments, savings, credit, and investment.<br><br>Find a definition in video format<br>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=eBAYOdt0OAc&list=PL1gK6rIdnJSWN7Awwz9AUXyBMLEm8jB34&index=17 <\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-G'  id='D_GithubGithub'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Github, <i>Github<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Plateforme collaborative en ligne utilisant le syst\u00e8me de gestion de versions Git. GitHub permet aux d\u00e9veloppeurs informatiques de stocker, partager et collaborer sur le code informatique de logiciel open source. Dans l\u2019\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me blockchain, GitHub est essentiel pour la publication et le partage du code open source des protocoles, des smart contracts, et de l'ensemble des logiciels open source utilis\u00e9s par l'\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me. L'un des modes de financement des logiciels open source de l'\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me Ethereum est Gitcoin.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Github<\/h3><p>GitHub is an online collaborative platform using the Git version control system. It allows software developers to store, share, and collaborate on open-source software code. Within the blockchain ecosystem, GitHub is essential for publishing and sharing open-source code for protocols, smart contracts, and all open-source software used by the ecosystem. Gitcoin is one of the funding mechanisms for open-source software in the Ethereum ecosystem.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-H'  id='D_HachagefonctiondeHash'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Hachage (fonction de), <i>Hash<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Fonction math\u00e9matique qui transforme n\u2019importe quel contenu sous la forme d\u2019un nombre hexad\u00e9cimal. \u00c0 la moindre modification du contenu, le nombre hach\u00e9 devient totalement diff\u00e9rent. L\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat d\u2019une fonction de hachage est qu\u2019elle ne s\u2019applique que dans un sens : le hachage obtenu ne permet pas de remonter au contenu d\u2019origine, en revanche il suffit de hacher \u00e0 nouveau ce contenu pour v\u00e9rifier que le hachage en r\u00e9sultant est identique, preuve qu\u2019aucune modification n\u2019est intervenue. Les blocs de transaction d\u2019une blockchain sont ainsi hach\u00e9s au fur et \u00e0 mesure et permettent d\u2019avoir la garantie qu\u2019ils n\u2019ont jamais \u00e9t\u00e9 modifi\u00e9s depuis la premi\u00e8re transaction.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Hash<\/h3><p>A mathematical function that transforms any content into a hexadecimal number. The slightest modification to the content results in a completely different hashed number. The advantage of a <a href='#D_HachagefonctiondeHash' class='glossary-link'>hash<\/a> function is that it only works in one direction: the resulting <a href='#D_HachagefonctiondeHash' class='glossary-link'>hash<\/a> cannot be traced back to the original content. However, simply hashing the content again verifies that the resulting <a href='#D_HachagefonctiondeHash' class='glossary-link'>hash<\/a> is identical, proving that no changes have occurred. Transaction blocks in a blockchain are thus hashed continuously, guaranteeing that they have never been modified since the first transaction.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-I'  id='D_IdentificationparRadiofrequenceRadioFrequencyidentificationRFID'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Identification par Radiofr\u00e9quence, <i>Radio Frequency identification<\/i> - RFID<\/h3><span><\/span><p>D\u00e9signe une m\u00e9thode d\u2019identification de donn\u00e9es \u00e0 distance, incorpor\u00e9es, sous la forme de tag, dans des objets ou des produits et comprenant une antenne associ\u00e9e \u00e0 une puce \u00e9lectronique.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Radio Frequency identification (RFID)<\/h3><p>Refers to a method of remote data identification, embedded, in the form of a tag, in objects or products and comprising an antenna associated with an electronic chip.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-i'  id='D_interfacedeprogrammationapplicativeApplicationProgrammingInterfaceAPI'><div class='l-fr'><h3>interface de programmation applicative, <i>Application Programming Interface<\/i> - API<\/h3><span><\/span><p>En informatique, une interface de programmation applicative (en anglais Application Programming Interface) est un ensemble normalis\u00e9 de classes, de m\u00e9thodes ou de fonctions qui sert defa\u00e7ade par laquelle une blockchain va offrir des services \u00e0 d\u2019autres logiciels. Une API blockchain sp\u00e9cifie comment des programmes informatiques pourront se servir des fonctionnalit\u00e9s et des donn\u00e9es distribu\u00e9es accessibles dans le registre d\u2019une blockchain.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Application Programming Interface (API)<\/h3><p>In computer science, an application programming interface (API) is a standardized set of classes, methods, or functions that serves as a facade through which a blockchain offers services to other software. A blockchain API specifies how computer programs can use the functionalities and distributed data accessible in a blockchain ledger.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-I'  id='D_InternetdesObjetsInternetofThingsIoT'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Internet des Objets, <i>Internet of Things<\/i> - IoT<\/h3><span><\/span><p>L'internet des objets (Internet of Things, IoT) d\u00e9signe l'ensemble des objets physiques, comme des capteurs, des compteurs, des appareils industriels, des \u00e9quipements environnementaux, dot\u00e9s de capacit\u00e9s de mesure, de calcul et de communication, leur permettant de collecter des donn\u00e9es depuis le monde r\u00e9el et de les transmettre automatiquement via des r\u00e9seaux num\u00e9riques, sans intervention humaine directe. L'IoT constitue ainsi l'interface technique entre les ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes physiques observables et les syst\u00e8mes d'information qui les traitent.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Internet of Things (IoT)<\/h3><p>The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to all physical objects, such as sensors, meters, industrial devices, and environmental equipment, equipped with measurement, computing, and communication capabilities, enabling them to collect data from the real world and transmit it automatically via digital networks, without direct human intervention. The IoT thus constitutes the technical interface between observable physical phenomena and the information systems that process them.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-J'  id='D_JetonnonfongibleNonFungibleTokenNFT'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Jeton non fongible, <i>Non-Fungible Token<\/i> - NFT<\/h3><span><\/span><p>A contrario de deux pi\u00e8ces de monnaies fongibles, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire qui ne peuvent \u00eatre diff\u00e9renci\u00e9es (une pi\u00e8ce de un euro ressemble en tous points \u00e0 une autre pi\u00e8ce un euro), un <a href='#D_JetonnonfongibleNonFungibleTokenNFT' class='glossary-link'>NFT<\/a> est un <a href='#D_JetonouTokenisationToken' class='glossary-link'>token<\/a> unique, cette unicit\u00e9 lui faisant perdre son caract\u00e8re fongible. Un <a href='#D_JetonnonfongibleNonFungibleTokenNFT' class='glossary-link'>NFT<\/a> ex\u00e9cute du code informatique stock\u00e9 dans des smart contracts* conformes \u00e0 des normes diff\u00e9rentes telles que ERC-721 sur Ethereum.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Non-Fungible Token (NFT)<\/h3><p>Unlike two fungible coins, which are indistinguishable (one one-euro coin looks exactly like another one-euro coin), an <a href='#D_JetonnonfongibleNonFungibleTokenNFT' class='glossary-link'>NFT<\/a> is a unique <a href='#D_JetonouTokenisationToken' class='glossary-link'>token<\/a>, and this uniqueness makes it lose its fungible nature. An <a href='#D_JetonnonfongibleNonFungibleTokenNFT' class='glossary-link'>NFT<\/a> executes computer code stored in smart contracts* that conform to different standards, such as ERC-721 on Ethereum.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-J'  id='D_JetonouTokenisationToken'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Jeton (ou Tokenisation), <i>Token<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Un <a href='#D_JetonouTokenisationToken' class='glossary-link'>token<\/a>, jeton en fran\u00e7ais, est une unit\u00e9 (un actif) num\u00e9rique \u00e9chang\u00e9 sur une blockchain. Le bitcoin est le jeton de la blockchain Bitcoin. L\u2019Ether est le jeton de la blockchain Ethereum. Par extension, l\u2019expression \u00ab <a href='#D_JetonouTokenisationToken' class='glossary-link'>tokenisation<\/a> \u00bb d\u00e9signe l\u2019id\u00e9e qu\u2019un actif, quel qu\u2019il soit, puisse \u00eatre repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 num\u00e9riquement et \u00e9chang\u00e9 via une blockchain.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Token<\/h3><p>A <a href='#D_JetonouTokenisationToken' class='glossary-link'>token<\/a> is a digital unit (an asset) traded on a blockchain. Bitcoin is the <a href='#D_JetonouTokenisationToken' class='glossary-link'>token<\/a> of the Bitcoin blockchain. Ether is the <a href='#D_JetonouTokenisationToken' class='glossary-link'>token<\/a> of the Ethereum blockchain. By extension, the term \"tokenization\" refers to the idea that any asset can be represented digitally and traded via a blockchain.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-K'  id='D_KitdedeveloppementlogicielSoftwareDevelopmentKitSDK'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Kit de d\u00e9veloppement logiciel, <i>Software Development Kit<\/i> - SDK<\/h3><span><\/span><p>Ensemble d'outils d'aide \u00e0 la programmation pour la conception et le d\u00e9veloppement de logiciels ou d'applications. <\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Software Development Kit (SDK)<\/h3><p>A set of programming tools to assist in the design and development of software or applications.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-M'  id='D_MachineVirtuelleEthereumouEVMEthereumVirtualMachine'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Machine Virtuelle Ethereum (ou EVM), <i>Ethereum Virtual Machine<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Entit\u00e9 virtuelle unique permettant l\u2019ex\u00e9cution de tous les smart contracts* de toutes les applications d\u00e9centralis\u00e9es (<a href='#D_ApplicationdecentraliseeDecentralizedApplicationdApps' class='glossary-link'>dApps<\/a>) et de toutes les Organisations autonomes d\u00e9centralis\u00e9es (<a href='#D_OrganisationAutonomeDecentraliseeDecentralizedAutonomousOrganizationDAO' class='glossary-link'>DAO<\/a> en anglais) d\u00e9velopp\u00e9es sur la blockchain publique sans permission Ethereum. En effet, Ethereum peut \u00eatre compar\u00e9 \u00e0 un automate fini distribu\u00e9. Un automate fini distribu\u00e9 est une construction math\u00e9matique pouvant changer d\u2019\u00e9tat. Ethereum poss\u00e8de deux \u00e9tats : un \u00e9tat lui permettant de g\u00e9rer tous les comptes et les soldes des paiements effectu\u00e9s avec son crypto-actif natif, l\u2019Ether ; et un \u00e9tat appel\u00e9 \u201c\u00e9tat machine\u201d. Cet \u201c\u00e9tat machine\u201d change de bloc en bloc, de sorte \u00e0 ex\u00e9cuter les smart contracts* qui s\u2019y trouvent. Les changements de l\u2019\u00e9tat machine s\u2019effectuent selon un ensemble de r\u00e8gles. Ces r\u00e8gles sp\u00e9cifiques de changement d'\u00e9tat de bloc \u00e0 bloc sont d\u00e9finies par l'<a href='#D_MachineVirtuelleEthereumouEVMEthereumVirtualMachine' class='glossary-link'>Ethereum Virtual Machine<\/a> (https:\/\/ethereum.org). <\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Ethereum Virtual Machine<\/h3><p>A unique virtual entity that enables the execution of all smart contracts* for all decentralized applications (<a href='#D_ApplicationdecentraliseeDecentralizedApplicationdApps' class='glossary-link'>dApps<\/a>) and decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) developed on the public Ethereum blockchain without requiring permission. Indeed, Ethereum can be compared to a distributed finite automaton. A distributed finite automaton is a mathematical construct capable of changing state. Ethereum has two states: one state that manages all accounts and payment balances made with its native cryptocurrency, Ether; and a state called the \"machine state.\" This \"machine state\" changes from block to block to execute the smart contracts* within it. These machine state changes are governed by a set of rules. These specific rules for changing state from block to block are defined by the <a href='#D_MachineVirtuelleEthereumouEVMEthereumVirtualMachine' class='glossary-link'>Ethereum Virtual Machine<\/a> (https:\/\/ethereum.org).<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-M'  id='D_MainnetTestnet'><div class='l-fr'><h3><i>Mainnet \/ Testnet<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Le terme mainnet est utilis\u00e9 pour d\u00e9crire le moment o\u00f9 un protocole blockchain est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 et d\u00e9ploy\u00e9, et que les transactions en crypto-actifs sont diffus\u00e9es, v\u00e9rifi\u00e9es et enregistr\u00e9es sur la blockchain. Le terme testnet d\u00e9crit l\u2019environnement de d\u00e9veloppement et de tests avant le lancement du mainnet.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Mainnet \/ Testnet<\/h3><p>The term mainnet is used to describe the point at which a blockchain protocol is fully developed and deployed, and crypto-asset transactions are broadcast, verified, and recorded on the blockchain. The term testnet describes the development and testing environment prior to the mainnet launch.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-M'  id='D_MemecoinMemecoin'><div class='l-fr'><h3>M\u00e8me coin, <i>Meme coin<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Un <a href='#D_MemecoinMemecoin' class='glossary-link'>meme coin<\/a>, memecoin ou meme <a href='#D_JetonouTokenisationToken' class='glossary-link'>token<\/a> est un crypto-actif bas\u00e9 sur un m\u00e8me Internet, ou qui a pour origine une caract\u00e9ristique humoristique, ironique, une blague ou image virale sur internet. Ces actifs num\u00e9riques sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme particuli\u00e8rement volatils et sp\u00e9culatifs.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Meme coin<\/h3><p>A <a href='#D_MemecoinMemecoin' class='glossary-link'>meme coin<\/a>, memecoin, or meme <a href='#D_JetonouTokenisationToken' class='glossary-link'>token<\/a> is a cryptocurrency based on an internet meme, or one that originates from a humorous or ironic characteristic, a joke, or a viral image on the internet. These digital assets are considered particularly volatile and speculative.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-M'  id='D_MineurMiner'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Mineur, <i>Miner<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Validateur de transactions sur une blockchain. Le mineur est r\u00e9mun\u00e9r\u00e9 dans le crypto-actif natif de la blockchain au sein de laquelle il valide les transactions. <\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Miner<\/h3><p>Transaction validator on a blockchain. The miner is rewarded in the native crypto-asset of the blockchain in which they validate transactions.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-M'  id='D_Monnaiefiduciairefiatmoney'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Monnaie fiduciaire, <i>fiat money<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Monnaie sous la forme de pi\u00e8ces et de billets, dont la valeur nominale est sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 la valeur intrins\u00e8que . La confiance (fiducia en latin) que lui accorde l'utilisateur comme valeur d'\u00e9change, moyen de paiement, et donc comme monnaie repose sur le cours l\u00e9gal attribu\u00e9 par l\u2019Etat.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>fiat money<\/h3><p>Money in the form of coins and banknotes, whose face value is greater than its intrinsic value. The trust (fiducia in Latin) that the user places in it as a means of exchange, a means of payment, and therefore as money, is based on the legal tender status granted by the State.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-M'  id='D_MonnaieNumeriquedeBanqueCentraleCentralBankDigitalCurrencyCBDCMNBC'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Monnaie Num\u00e9rique de Banque Centrale, <i>Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC)<\/i> - MNBC<\/h3><span><\/span><p>MNBC de gros (wholesale) \u2014 r\u00e9serv\u00e9e aux \u00e9tablissements financiers pour le r\u00e8glement d'actifs tokenis\u00e9s entre institutions \u2014 est en phase d'exp\u00e9rimentation avanc\u00e9e depuis 2020 (Banque de France, BRI, BCE depuis 2023). Elle n'est pas encore d\u00e9ploy\u00e9e en production permanente, mais plusieurs op\u00e9rations r\u00e9elles ont \u00e9t\u00e9 conduites sous forme de tokens \u00e9ph\u00e9m\u00e8res.<br>MNBC de d\u00e9tail \u2014 l'\u00e9quivalent num\u00e9rique des billets accessible au grand public \u2014 n'existe pas encore. La BCE n'a pas encore pris la d\u00e9cision formelle d'\u00e9mettre un euro num\u00e9rique, m\u00eame si les travaux exploratoires sont en cours.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) (MNBC)<\/h3><p>Wholesale CBDCs\u2014reserved for financial institutions to settle tokenized assets between institutions\u2014have been in advanced experimentation since 2020 (Bank of France, BIS, ECB since 2023). They are not yet deployed in permanent production, but several real-world transactions have been conducted using ephemeral tokens. <br>Retail CBDCs\u2014the digital equivalent of banknotes accessible to the general public\u2014do not yet exist. The ECB has not yet made a formal decision to issue a digital euro, although exploratory work is underway.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-M'  id='D_MonnaietelecomMobileMoney'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Monnaie t\u00e9l\u00e9com, <i>Mobile Money<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Le \"<a href='#D_MonnaietelecomMobileMoney' class='glossary-link'>mobile money<\/a>\" est un service qui permet d\u2019utiliser son t\u00e9l\u00e9phone portable pour envoyer ou recevoir de l\u2019argent, payer des factures, acheter des biens ou recharger du cr\u00e9dit. L\u2019argent est stock\u00e9 dans un portefeuille \u00e9lectronique li\u00e9 au num\u00e9ro de t\u00e9l\u00e9phone. Ce portefeuille, g\u00e9r\u00e9 par l'op\u00e9rateur de t\u00e9l\u00e9communication comme Orange, MTN ou Airtel\u2026), fournit la plateforme technique et travaille avec des agents agr\u00e9\u00e9s pour les d\u00e9p\u00f4ts et retraits d\u2019argent en esp\u00e8ces. Dans de nombreux pays, ce service est encadr\u00e9 par la banque centrale ou par un organisme de r\u00e9gulation, afin de garantir la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du service.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Mobile Money<\/h3><p><a href='#D_MonnaietelecomMobileMoney' class='glossary-link'>Mobile money<\/a> is a service that allows users to send and receive money, pay bills, purchase goods, or top up their mobile credit using their mobile phone. The money is stored in an electronic <a href='#D_PortefeuilledecryptoactifsouPortefeuillecryptoWallet' class='glossary-link'>wallet<\/a> linked to the phone number. This <a href='#D_PortefeuilledecryptoactifsouPortefeuillecryptoWallet' class='glossary-link'>wallet<\/a>, managed by the telecommunications operator (such as Orange, MTN, or Airtel), provides the technical platform and works with authorized agents for cash deposits and withdrawals. In many countries, this service is regulated by the central bank or a regulatory body to ensure its security.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-O'  id='D_OffreinitialedetokenInitialCoinOfferingICO'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Offre initiale de token, <i>Initial Coin Offering<\/i> - ICO<\/h3><span><\/span><p>\u00c9mission de tokens \u00e9changeables contre des crypto-actifs pour lever des fonds aupr\u00e8s d\u2019une communaut\u00e9. Contrairement \u00e0 une IPO (Initial Public Offering) qui permet la cotation des actions d\u2019une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 sur un march\u00e9 boursier, une <a href='#D_OffreinitialedetokenInitialCoinOfferingICO' class='glossary-link'>ICO<\/a> n\u2019est pas encadr\u00e9e par un r\u00e9gulateur financier.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Initial Coin Offering (ICO)<\/h3><p>Issuance of tokens exchangeable for crypto-assets to raise funds from a community. Unlike an IPO (Initial Public Offering) which allows the listing of a company's shares on a stock market, an <a href='#D_OffreinitialedetokenInitialCoinOfferingICO' class='glossary-link'>ICO<\/a> is not regulated by a financial regulator.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-O'  id='D_OnChainOffChain'><div class='l-fr'><h3><i>On Chain\/Off Chain<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Quand une transaction s\u2019effectue on-chain, cela veut dire qu\u2019elle est inscrite dans un bloc de transaction enregistr\u00e9 dans une blockchain. En revanche, une transaction off-chain se d\u00e9roule en dehors de ladite blockchain. Par exemple, les transactions sur le <a href='#D_ReseauLightningLightningNetwork' class='glossary-link'>Lightning Network<\/a> (voir supra) sont effectu\u00e9es en dehors de la blockchain de Bitcoin et sont dites off-chain.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>On Chain\/Off Chain<\/h3><p>When a transaction occurs on-chain, it means that it is recorded in a transaction block stored in a blockchain. Conversely, an off-chain transaction takes place outside of that blockchain. For example, transactions on the <a href='#D_ReseauLightningLightningNetwork' class='glossary-link'>Lightning Network<\/a> (see above) are conducted outside of the Bitcoin blockchain and are therefore called off-chain.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-o'  id='D_onofframponofframp'><div class='l-fr'><h3>on\/off-ramp, <i>on\/off-ramp<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>La conversion entre actifs num\u00e9riques et monnaies fiat, autrement dit, les on-ramps (passerelles d\u2019entr\u00e9e) et off-ramps (sorties vers le syst\u00e8me traditionnel)<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>on\/off-ramp<\/h3><p>The conversion between digital assets and fiat currencies, in other words, on-ramps (entry gateways) and off-ramps (exits to the traditional system)<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-O'  id='D_OracleOracle'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Oracle, <i>Oracle<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Dans le domaine des blockchains, un <a href='#D_OracleOracle' class='glossary-link'>Oracle<\/a> est une source d\u2019information provenant du monde physique sur laquelle est connect\u00e9 un ou plusieurs smart contracts et dont les parties s\u2019entendent sur la fiabilit\u00e9 des donn\u00e9es. On peut prendre comme exemple l\u2019IATA pour les donn\u00e9es li\u00e9es aux vols a\u00e9riens ou encore M\u00e9t\u00e9o France pour les donn\u00e9es li\u00e9es \u00e0 la m\u00e9t\u00e9orologie (pr\u00e9cipitation, gel, neige etc.). Utilis\u00e9es dans le cadre d\u2019applications d\u00e9centralis\u00e9es, les donn\u00e9es d\u2019un <a href='#D_OracleOracle' class='glossary-link'>oracle<\/a> permettent d\u2019enclencher les termes d\u2019un <a href='#D_SmartContract' class='glossary-link'>smart contract<\/a>. Par exemple, une assurance param\u00e9trique remboursera automatiquement un agriculteur en cas de perturbation m\u00e9t\u00e9orologique dont les donn\u00e9es sont certifi\u00e9es par un <a href='#D_OracleOracle' class='glossary-link'>oracle<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Oracle<\/h3><p>In the blockchain field, an <a href='#D_OracleOracle' class='glossary-link'>oracle<\/a> is a source of information originating from the physical world to which one or more smart contracts are connected, and whose parties agree on the reliability of the data. Examples include IATA for flight-related data and M\u00e9t\u00e9o France for meteorological data (precipitation, frost, snow, etc.). Used in decentralized applications, <a href='#D_OracleOracle' class='glossary-link'>oracle<\/a> data triggers the terms of a <a href='#D_SmartContract' class='glossary-link'>smart contract<\/a>. For example, parametric insurance will automatically reimburse a farmer in the event of a weather event whose data is certified by an <a href='#D_OracleOracle' class='glossary-link'>oracle<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-O'  id='D_OrganisationAutonomeDecentraliseeDecentralizedAutonomousOrganizationDAO'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Organisation Autonome D\u00e9centralis\u00e9e, <i>Decentralized Autonomous Organization<\/i> - DAO<\/h3><span><\/span><p>Une <a href='#D_OrganisationAutonomeDecentraliseeDecentralizedAutonomousOrganizationDAO' class='glossary-link'>DAO<\/a> est une organisation de personnes fonctionnant gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un programme informatique qui fournit des r\u00e8gles de gouvernance \u00e0 la communaut\u00e9 sans direction centralis\u00e9e. Ces r\u00e8gles sont transparentes et immuables parce que cod\u00e9es dans un protocole blockchain.<br>Retrouvez une d\u00e9finition en vid\u00e9o<br>https:\/\/youtu.be\/LwcWcILa544<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO)<\/h3><p>A <a href='#D_OrganisationAutonomeDecentraliseeDecentralizedAutonomousOrganizationDAO' class='glossary-link'>DAO<\/a> is an organization of people operating through a computer program that provides <br>governance rules to the community without centralized leadership. These rules are <br>transparent and immutable because they are coded in a blockchain protocol.<br>Find a definition in video format<br>https:\/\/youtu.be\/LwcWcILa544 <\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-P'  id='D_PhrasemnemotechniqueSeedPhrase'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Phrase mn\u00e9motechnique, <i>Seed Phrase<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Suite de mots (g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement 12 ou 24) permettant la r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration d\u2019un portefeuille de crypto-monnaies depuis n\u2019importe quel appareil.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Seed Phrase<\/h3><p>A sequence of words (usually 12 or 24) allowing the recovery of a cryptocurrency <a href='#D_PortefeuilledecryptoactifsouPortefeuillecryptoWallet' class='glossary-link'>wallet<\/a> from any device.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-P'  id='D_PlateformedechangescentralisesCentralizedExchangeCEX'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Plateforme d'\u00e9changes centralis\u00e9s, <i>Centralized Exchange<\/i> - CEX<\/h3><span><\/span><p>Voir : DEX.<br>Retrouvez une d\u00e9finition en vid\u00e9o<br>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=V1nlpAVMrgU<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Centralized Exchange (CEX)<\/h3><p>See : DEX.<br>Find a definition in video format<br>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4o_w310XOmg&list=PL1gK6rIdnJSWN7Awwz9AUXyBMLEm8jB34&index=8<br><br><\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-P'  id='D_PlateformedechangesdecentraliseesDecentralizedExchangeDEX'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Plateforme d'\u00e9changes d\u00e9centralis\u00e9es, <i>Decentralized Exchange<\/i> - DEX<\/h3><span><\/span><p>Une plateforme d'\u00e9changes d\u00e9centralis\u00e9s (Decentralized Exchange) est un protocole de transfert de crypto-actifs fonctionnant de pair-\u00e0-pair gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l'ex\u00e9cution de smart contracts*, sans solliciter d'interm\u00e9diaire financier centralis\u00e9. Contrairement aux plateformes centralis\u00e9es (<a href='#D_PlateformedechangescentralisesCentralizedExchangeCEX' class='glossary-link'>CEX<\/a>*) qui agissent comme d\u00e9positaires des fonds, un DEX permet aux utilisateurs de conserver la pleine ma\u00eetrise de leurs cl\u00e9s priv\u00e9es et de leurs actifs tout au long du processus d'\u00e9change. Ces plateformes s'appuient g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement sur un algorithme appel\u00e9 Teneur de March\u00e9 Automatis\u00e9 (AMM*), qui calcule les taux de change et assure la liquidit\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re autonome. En supprimant l'autorit\u00e9 centrale, le DEX r\u00e9duit les risques de censure, de manipulation de prix ou de vol li\u00e9s au piratage d'une base de donn\u00e9es unique, tout en garantissant un niveau d'anonymat sup\u00e9rieur \u00e0 l'utilisateur.<br>Retrouvez une d\u00e9finition en vid\u00e9o<br>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=V1nlpAVMrgU <\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Decentralized Exchange (DEX)<\/h3><p>A decentralized exchange (DEX) is a peer-to-peer crypto-asset transfer protocol that uses smart contracts* to execute transactions, without relying on a centralized financial intermediary. Unlike centralized exchanges (<a href='#D_PlateformedechangescentralisesCentralizedExchangeCEX' class='glossary-link'>CEX<\/a>*) that act as custodians, a DEX allows users to retain full control of their private keys and assets throughout the entire exchange process. These platforms typically rely on an algorithm called an <a href='#D_TeneurdeMarcheAutomatiseAutomatedMarketMakerAMM' class='glossary-link'>Automated Market Maker<\/a> (AMM*), which autonomously calculates exchange rates and ensures liquidity. By removing the central authority, the DEX reduces the risks of censorship, price manipulation, or theft associated with hacking a single database, while also guaranteeing a higher level of user anonymity. Watch the video definition: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=V1nlpAVMrgU<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-P'  id='D_PooldeminageMiningpool'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Pool de minage, <i>Mining pool<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Association de mineurs coop\u00e9rant pour la r\u00e9alisation du travail de validation des transactions au sein d\u2019une blockchain. Les gains effectu\u00e9s par les machines acquises en commun sont partag\u00e9s entre les membres du <a href='#D_PooldeminageMiningpool' class='glossary-link'>pool de minage<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Mining pool<\/h3><p>A mining pool is an association of miners cooperating to perform the work of validating transactions within a blockchain. The profits generated by the jointly acquired machines are shared among the members of the mining pool.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-P'  id='D_PortefeuilledecryptoactifsouPortefeuillecryptoWallet'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Portefeuille de crypto-actifs (ou Portefeuille crypto), <i>Wallet<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>en mati\u00e8re de crypto-actif, un portefeuille est un dispositif qui peut prendre la forme d'un support physique, d'un programme informatique ou encore d'un service, et dont l'objet est de stocker les cl\u00e9s publiques et\/ou priv\u00e9es de crypto-actifs. Ce proc\u00e9d\u00e9 de stockage de la cl\u00e9 priv\u00e9e, connue du seul propri\u00e9taire du portefeuille, permet \u00e0 son d\u00e9tenteur de signer des transactions et de prouver \u00e0 l'ensemble des pairs du r\u00e9seau blockchain qu\u2019il est bien le propri\u00e9taire des crypto-actifs utilis\u00e9s.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Wallet<\/h3><p>In the realm of crypto-assets, a <a href='#D_PortefeuilledecryptoactifsouPortefeuillecryptoWallet' class='glossary-link'>wallet<\/a> is a device\u2014which can take the form of a physical medium, a computer program, or a service\u2014whose purpose is to store the public and\/or private keys of crypto-assets. This method of storing the private key, known only to the <a href='#D_PortefeuilledecryptoactifsouPortefeuillecryptoWallet' class='glossary-link'>wallet<\/a> owner, allows its holder to sign transactions and prove to all peers on the blockchain network that they are indeed the owner of the crypto-assets used.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-P'  id='D_PortefeuilledidentiteIdentityWallet'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Portefeuille d\u2019identit\u00e9, <i>Identity Wallet<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Portefeuille  compos\u00e9 d\u2019attestations v\u00e9rifiables. Voir Attestation v\u00e9rifiable<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Identity Wallet<\/h3><p>Portfolio composed of verifiable certificates. See Verifiable Certificate<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-P'  id='D_PreuveadivulgationnulledeconnaissanceZeroKnowledgeProofZKP'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Preuve \u00e0 divulgation nulle de connaissance, <i>Zero Knowledge Proof<\/i> - ZKP<\/h3><span><\/span><p>Une preuve \u00e0 divulgation nulle de connaissance est une m\u00e9thode de chiffrement qui permet \u00e0 une personne (le prouveur) de prouver \u00e0 une autre personne (le v\u00e9rificateur) qu'elle est en possession de certaines informations sans les r\u00e9v\u00e9ler au v\u00e9rificateur. En d'autres termes, la preuve \u00e0 divulgation nulle de connaissance permet de pr\u00e9senter des preuves de faits portant sur des donn\u00e9es personnelles sans pour autant r\u00e9v\u00e9ler ces donn\u00e9es personnelles. Les preuves \u00e0 connaissance nulle ont \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7ues pour la premi\u00e8re fois en 1985 par Shafi Goldwasser, Silvio Micali et Charles Rackoff dans leur article \u00ab The Knowledge Complexity of Interactive Proof-Systems \u00bb.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Zero Knowledge Proof (ZKP)<\/h3><p>A zero-knowledge proof is an encryption method that allows one person (the prover) to prove to another person (the verifier) \u200b\u200bthat they possess certain information without revealing it to the verifier. In other words, a zero-knowledge proof allows evidence of facts relating to personal data without disclosing that personal data. Zero-knowledge proofs were first conceived in 1985 by Shafi Goldwasser, Silvio Micali, and Charles Rackoff in their article \"The Knowledge Complexity of Interactive Proof-Systems.\"<br><br>Find a definition in video format<br>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=uaFHnMa8i8Y&t=3s <\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-P'  id='D_PreuvedautoriteProofofAuthorityPaO'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Preuve d\u2019autorit\u00e9, <i>Proof of Authority<\/i> - PaO<\/h3><span><\/span><p>La preuve d\u2019autorit\u00e9 est un algorithme de consensus qui d\u00e9signe un nombre restreint et identifi\u00e9 d\u2019acteurs au sein d\u2019un r\u00e9seau blockchain ayant le pouvoir de valider les transactions et de mettre \u00e0 jour le registre. Cet algorithme de consensus est souvent mis en \u0153uvre sur des blockchains priv\u00e9es ou de consortium. L\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat pour ces acteurs, souvent bancaires, \u00e9tant de gagner en auditabilit\u00e9 et ainsi de r\u00e9duire et d\u2019optimiser les co\u00fbts li\u00e9s \u00e0 leur coordination.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Proof of Authority (PaO)<\/h3><p><a href='#D_PreuvedautoriteProofofAuthorityPaO' class='glossary-link'>Proof of authority<\/a> is a consensus algorithm that designates a limited and identified number of actors within a blockchain network with the power to validate transactions and update the ledger. This consensus algorithm is often implemented on private or consortium blockchains. The benefit for these actors, often banks, is increased auditability, thereby reducing and optimizing the costs associated with their coordination.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-P'  id='D_PreuvedenjeudelegueeDelegatedProofofStake'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Preuve d\u2019enjeu d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9e, <i>Delegated Proof of Stake<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>M\u00e9canisme de consensus r\u00e9duisant le nombre de noeuds d\u2019une blockchain et reposant sur l\u2019\u00e9lection de mineurs (les validateurs de blocs de transactions sur une blockchain) qui ont immobilis\u00e9 des fonds (stake) en crypto-actifs dans une blockchain au prorata de ce que chacun poss\u00e8de.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Delegated Proof of Stake<\/h3><p>A consensus mechanism that reduces the number of nodes in a blockchain and relies on the election of miners (the validators of transaction blocks on a blockchain) who have staked funds in crypto-assets in a blockchain in proportion to what each one owns.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-P'  id='D_PreuvedenjeuouPreuvedeparticipationProofofstakePoS'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Preuve d\u2019enjeu (ou Preuve de participation), <i>Proof-of-stake<\/i> - PoS<\/h3><span><\/span><p>M\u00e9thode pour valider les blocs de transactions d\u2019une blockchain imagin\u00e9e par Scott Nadal et Sunny King en 2012. Cette m\u00e9thode demande \u00e0 l\u2019utilisateur de prouver la possession d\u2019une certaine quantit\u00e9 de crypto-actif pour pr\u00e9tendre pouvoir valider des blocs suppl\u00e9mentaires dans ladite blockchain et pouvoir percevoir la r\u00e9compense \u00e0 l\u2019addition de ces blocs. Ce m\u00e9canisme de consensus consiste \u00e0 r\u00e9soudre un d\u00e9fi informatique appel\u00e9 minting (monnayage), op\u00e9r\u00e9 par des \u00ab forgeurs \u00bb. Il ne n\u00e9cessite pas de mat\u00e9riel informatique puissant, consomme peu d\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 et tient sur un nano ordinateur comme le Rasperry Pi. Pour valider un bloc de transactions, le forgeur met en d\u00e9p\u00f4t une certaine quantit\u00e9 de crypto-actifs et re\u00e7oit une r\u00e9compense lorsqu\u2019il valide un bloc pour le blocage de ce capital. Si le forgeur proc\u00e8de \u00e0 une attaque informatique en ins\u00e9rant de faux blocs de transactions dans la blockchain, la communaut\u00e9, \u00e0 partir du moment o\u00f9 elle s\u2019en rend compte, pourrait proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un hard fork*, ce qui entra\u00eenerait la perte des d\u00e9p\u00f4ts de l\u2019attaquant. Vitalik Buterin, cofondateur d\u2019Ethereum explique : \u00ab la philosophie de la preuve d\u2019enjeu r\u00e9sum\u00e9e en une phrase n\u2019est donc pas \u201cla s\u00e9curit\u00e9 vient de l\u2019\u00e9nergie d\u00e9pens\u00e9e\u201d, mais plut\u00f4t \u201cla s\u00e9curit\u00e9 vient des pertes \u00e9conomiques engendr\u00e9es par une attaque\u201d \u00bb.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Proof-of-stake (PoS)<\/h3><p>A method for validating transaction blocks on a blockchain, conceived by Scott Nadal and Sunny King in 2012. This method requires users to prove ownership of a certain amount of cryptocurrency to validate additional blocks in the blockchain and receive the reward for adding those blocks. This consensus mechanism involves solving a computational challenge called minting, performed by \"forgers.\" It does not require powerful hardware, consumes little electricity, and can run on a nano-computer like the Raspberry Pi. To validate a block of transactions, the forger deposits a certain amount of cryptocurrency and receives a reward for locking up that capital when they validate a block. If the forger launches a cyberattack by inserting fake transaction blocks into the blockchain, the community, once it becomes aware of the attack, could perform a hard fork*, resulting in the loss of the attacker's deposits. Vitalik Buterin, co-founder of Ethereum, explains: \"The philosophy of proof of stake, summarized in one sentence, is therefore not 'security comes from the energy expended', but rather 'security comes from the economic losses caused by an attack'.\"<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-R'  id='D_ReseauLightningLightningNetwork'><div class='l-fr'><h3>R\u00e9seau Lightning, <i>Lightning Network<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Protocole de paiement de pair-\u00e0-pair construit comme une application de deuxi\u00e8me couche sur la blockchain Bitcoin qui permet d\u2019op\u00e9rer des transactions en bitcoin extr\u00eamement rapides, de l\u2019ordre d\u2019un million par seconde, quasiment sans frais et sans d\u00e9pense \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique, puisque la validation des transactions ne n\u00e9cessite pas de minage par la preuve de travail. Depuis 2015, des acteurs de la communaut\u00e9 Bitcoin, dont notamment Lightning Labs, Blockstream et ACINQ, travaillent sur ce protocole qui apporte l\u2019une des r\u00e9ponses au probl\u00e8me de changement d'ordre de grandeur(scalabilit\u00e9) de Bitcoin qui, pour rappel, ne peut traiter que 7 \u00e0 10 transactions par seconde. Le <a href='#D_ReseauLightningLightningNetwork' class='glossary-link'>r\u00e9seau Lightning<\/a> fonctionne depuis mai 2018.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Lightning Network<\/h3><p>A peer-to-peer payment protocol built as a second-layer application on the Bitcoin blockchain, enabling extremely fast Bitcoin transactions\u2014on the order of one million per second\u2014with virtually no fees or energy consumption, since transaction validation does not require mining via proof-of-work. Since 2015, members of the Bitcoin community, including Lightning Labs, Blockstream, and ACINQ, have been working on this protocol, which offers one solution to the scalability challenge of Bitcoin, which, as a reminder, can only process 7 to 10 transactions per second. The <a href='#D_ReseauLightningLightningNetwork' class='glossary-link'>Lightning Network<\/a> has been operational since May 2018.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-R'  id='D_ResolveuruniverseldidentiteUniversalDIDResolver'><div class='l-fr'><h3>R\u00e9solveur universel d'identit\u00e9, <i>Universal DID Resolver<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Un r\u00e9solveur universel est un outil logiciel qui, \u00e0 partir d'un identifiant d\u00e9centralis\u00e9 (DID) quelle qu'en soit la m\u00e9thode d'\u00e9mission, restitue le document d'identit\u00e9 associ\u00e9 dans un format standardis\u00e9. Il joue le r\u00f4le d'annuaire commun pour des syst\u00e8mes d'identit\u00e9 h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e8nes, de la m\u00eame fa\u00e7on qu'un serveur DNS traduit un nom de domaine en adresse IP ind\u00e9pendamment du registrar qui l'a enregistr\u00e9.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Universal DID Resolver<\/h3><p>A universal resolver is a software tool that, given a decentralized identity identifier (DID) regardless of its issuance method, returns the associated identity document in a standardized format. It acts as a common directory for heterogeneous identity systems, much like a DNS server translates a domain name into an IP address independently of the registrar that registered it.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-S'  id='D_SatoshiSatoshi'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Satoshi, <i>Satoshi<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Un <a href='#D_SatoshiSatoshi' class='glossary-link'>Satoshi<\/a> est la plus petite unit\u00e9 divisible d\u2019un Bitcoin, soit le 8e chiffre apr\u00e8s la virgule. Un <a href='#D_SatoshiSatoshi' class='glossary-link'>satoshi<\/a> est donc \u00e9gal \u00e0 0,00000001 bitcoin. Le nom s\u2019inspire du nom de la personne ou du groupe de personnes ayant publi\u00e9s le livre blanc fondateur de Bitcoin en 2008,<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Satoshi<\/h3><p>A <a href='#D_SatoshiSatoshi' class='glossary-link'>Satoshi<\/a> is the smallest divisible unit of a Bitcoin, the 8th digit after the decimal point. Therefore, one <a href='#D_SatoshiSatoshi' class='glossary-link'>Satoshi<\/a> is equal to 0.00000001 Bitcoin. The name is inspired by the name of the person or group of people who published the founding Bitcoin white paper in 2008.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-S'  id='D_ScissionForkhardsoft'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Scission, <i>Fork (hard \/ soft)<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>En langage informatique, un fork consiste \u00e0 cr\u00e9er un nouveau logiciel \u00e0 partir du code source d\u2019un logiciel existant. Un soft fork apporte des modifications \u00e0 la blockchain concern\u00e9e qui vont s\u2019appliquer uniquement dans le futur, alors que les modifications introduites par un hard fork valent \u00e9galement pour le pass\u00e9. Un hard fork consiste donc \u00e0 r\u00e9\u00e9crire le code source d\u2019un protocole blockchain apr\u00e8s son lancement.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Fork (hard \/ soft)<\/h3><p>In computer science, a fork involves creating new software from the source code of an existing program. A soft fork introduces changes to the blockchain that will only apply in the future, whereas the changes introduced by a hard fork also apply to the past. A hard fork, therefore, involves rewriting the source code of a blockchain protocol after its launch.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-S'  id='D_Sidechain'><div class='l-fr'><h3><i>Sidechain<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Une <a href='#D_Sidechain' class='glossary-link'>Sidechain<\/a> est une blockchain secondaire ou parall\u00e8le con\u00e7ue pour fonctionner \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 d\u2019une blockchain primaire, publique, afin d\u2019en accro\u00eetre les capacit\u00e9s et rem\u00e9dier \u00e0 leurs limites inh\u00e9rentes, notamment de mise \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle (scalabilit\u00e9). Le recours \u00e0 une <a href='#D_Sidechain' class='glossary-link'>Sidechain<\/a> permet de traiter des op\u00e9rations sans solliciter la blockchain primaire afin, par exemple, de r\u00e9aliser des calculs sp\u00e9cifiques, ou encore de traiter des smarts contracts dans un environnement priv\u00e9 avant que les donn\u00e9es soient enregistr\u00e9es dans une blockchain primaire, comme Bitcoin ou Ethereum.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Sidechain<\/h3><p>A <a href='#D_Sidechain' class='glossary-link'>sidechain<\/a> is a secondary or parallel blockchain designed to operate alongside a primary, public blockchain to enhance its capabilities and address its inherent limitations, particularly scalability. Using a <a href='#D_Sidechain' class='glossary-link'>sidechain<\/a> allows for processing operations without involving the primary blockchain, for example, to perform specific calculations or to execute smart contracts in a private environment before the data is recorded on a primary blockchain, such as Bitcoin or Ethereum.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-S'  id='D_SmartContract'><div class='l-fr'><h3><i>Smart Contract<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Selon le site Ethereum.org, les contrats intelligents sont \u00ab des applications qui s\u2019ex\u00e9cutent exactement telles que programm\u00e9es, sans possibilit\u00e9 de les arr\u00eater, non censurables, sans fraude possible et sans interf\u00e9rence de tierce partie \u00bb. L\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat de ces contrats est qu\u2019ils sont autonomes, automatiques et r\u00e9pliqu\u00e9s dans tous les n\u0153uds d\u2019une blockchain, et que leur ex\u00e9cution ne passe pas par un tiers de confiance pour en garantir la validit\u00e9. Plusieurs blockchains publiques permettent de mettre en \u0153uvre des smart contracts, dont notamment Ethereum, Polkadot, Tezos, Stellar ou encore Solana.<br>Retrouvez une d\u00e9finition en vid\u00e9o\n<br>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=156PxunGKas&list=PL1gK6rIdnJSWN7Awwz9AUXyBMLEm8jB34&index=20 <\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Smart Contract<\/h3><p>According to Ethereum.org, smart contracts are \"applications that execute exactly as programmed, cannot be stopped,<br> are uncensorable, fraud-proof, and free from third-party interference.\" The advantage of these contracts is that they <br>are autonomous, automatic, and replicated across all nodes of a blockchain, and their execution does not rely on a <br>trusted third party to guarantee their validity. Several public blockchains support the implementation of smart <br>contracts, including Ethereum, Polkadot, Tezos, Stellar, and Solana.<br>Find a definition in video format<br>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=8NI82yo5yhc&list=PL1gK6rIdnJSWN7Awwz9AUXyBMLEm8jB34&index=14 <\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-S'  id='D_Staking'><div class='l-fr'><h3><i>Staking<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Le <a href='#D_Staking' class='glossary-link'>staking<\/a> consiste, pour un utilisateur, \u00e0 immobiliser et verrouiller des tokens dans un <a href='#D_SmartContract' class='glossary-link'>smart contract<\/a>. Le protocole attribue de fa\u00e7on al\u00e9atoire \u00e0 l\u2019un des participants le droit de valider un bloc de transactions et recevoir une r\u00e9compense en <a href='#D_JetonouTokenisationToken' class='glossary-link'>token<\/a>. Le m\u00e9canisme de la \u201cpreuve de d\u00e9tention\u201d, proof of stake incite les utilisateurs \u00e0 immobiliser leur <a href='#D_JetonouTokenisationToken' class='glossary-link'>token<\/a>, la probabilit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00eatre choisi pour valider un bloc de transaction \u00e9tant proportionnelle au nombre de tokens verrouill\u00e9s. Plus l\u2019utilisateur a de tokens verrouill\u00e9s, plus la probabilit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00eatre choisi pour valider la transaction est grande. Si un utilisateur tente d\u2019\u00e9crire de fausses transactions dans un bloc, il perd ses tokens immobilis\u00e9s et se fait bannir du r\u00e9seau. <\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Staking<\/h3><p><a href='#D_Staking' class='glossary-link'>Staking<\/a> involves a user locking tokens in a <a href='#D_SmartContract' class='glossary-link'>smart contract<\/a>. The protocol randomly assigns one of the participants the right to validate a block of transactions and receive a <a href='#D_JetonouTokenisationToken' class='glossary-link'>token<\/a> reward. The \"proof of stake\" mechanism incentivizes users to lock their tokens, as the probability of being chosen to validate a block of transactions is proportional to the number of tokens locked. The more tokens a user has locked, the greater the probability of being chosen to validate the transaction. If a user attempts to write fraudulent transactions in a block, they lose their locked tokens and are banned from the network.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-S'  id='D_SystemedefichierinterplanetaireInterPlanetaryFileSystemIPFS'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Syst\u00e8me de fichier inter-plan\u00e9taire, <i>InterPlanetary File System<\/i> - IPFS<\/h3><span><\/span><p>Un syst\u00e8me distribu\u00e9 de fichiers pair \u00e0 pair dont l\u2019objectif est de stocker des informations et des donn\u00e9es de mani\u00e8re d\u00e9centralis\u00e9e, s\u00e9curis\u00e9e et confidentielle, permettant ainsi de se pr\u00e9munir contre toute forme de censure. Aujourd\u2019hui, une recherche d\u2019information sur le web consiste \u00e0 demander \u00e0 un moteur de recherche \u201co\u00f9 se trouve le contenu\u201d afin d\u2019identifier l\u2019URL du serveur o\u00f9 il se trouve ; une recherche dans l\u2019<a href='#D_SystemedefichierinterplanetaireInterPlanetaryFileSystemIPFS' class='glossary-link'>IPFS<\/a> consiste \u00e0 demander au syst\u00e8me \u201cle contenu que l\u2019on recherche\u201d, identifi\u00e9 par un <a href='#D_HachagefonctiondeHash' class='glossary-link'>hash<\/a> cryptographique unique et permanent. Cr\u00e9\u00e9 en 2014 par Juan Benet, <a href='#D_SystemedefichierinterplanetaireInterPlanetaryFileSystemIPFS' class='glossary-link'>IPFS<\/a> est un protocole open source qui pourrait se d\u00e9velopper \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 du protocole HTTP invent\u00e9 par Tim Berners-Lee en 1991.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>InterPlanetary File System (IPFS)<\/h3><p>A distributed peer-to-peer file system whose objective is to store information and data in a decentralized, secure, and confidential manner, thus protecting against all forms of censorship. Today, searching for information on the web involves asking a search engine \"where the content is located\" in order to identify the URL of the server where it resides; a search in <a href='#D_SystemedefichierinterplanetaireInterPlanetaryFileSystemIPFS' class='glossary-link'>IPFS<\/a> involves asking the system \"the content you are looking for,\" identified by a unique and permanent cryptographic <a href='#D_HachagefonctiondeHash' class='glossary-link'>hash<\/a>. Created in 2014 by Juan Benet, <a href='#D_SystemedefichierinterplanetaireInterPlanetaryFileSystemIPFS' class='glossary-link'>IPFS<\/a> is an open-source protocol that could develop alongside the HTTP protocol invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-T'  id='D_TechnologiederegistredistribueouDLTsDistributedLedgerTechnologyDLT'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Technologie de registre distribu\u00e9 (ou DLTs), <i>Distributed Ledger Technology<\/i> - DLT<\/h3><span><\/span><p>Un <a href='#D_TechnologiederegistredistribueouDLTsDistributedLedgerTechnologyDLT' class='glossary-link'>DLT<\/a> est un syst\u00e8me num\u00e9rique permettant de stocker et partager des donn\u00e9es de mani\u00e8re distribu\u00e9e entre plusieurs participants, sans d\u00e9pendre d'une autorit\u00e9 centrale. Comme une blockchain ou un Graphe orient\u00e9 Acyclique (<a href='#D_TechnologiederegistredistribueouDLTsDistributedLedgerTechnologyDLT' class='glossary-link'>DLT<\/a>)<br><br><\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT)<\/h3><p>A <a href='#D_TechnologiederegistredistribueouDLTsDistributedLedgerTechnologyDLT' class='glossary-link'>DLT<\/a> is a digital system that allows data to be stored and shared in a distributed manner among multiple participants, without relying on a central authority. Like a blockchain or a Directed Acyclic Graph (<a href='#D_TechnologiederegistredistribueouDLTsDistributedLedgerTechnologyDLT' class='glossary-link'>DLT<\/a>)<br><br><\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-T'  id='D_TelephonebasiqueFeaturephone'><div class='l-fr'><h3>T\u00e9l\u00e9phone basique, <i>Feature phone<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>T\u00e9l\u00e9phone mobile poss\u00e9dant les caract\u00e9ristiques techniques basiques d\u2019un smartphone.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Feature phone<\/h3><p>A mobile phone possessing the basic technical characteristics of a smartphone.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-T'  id='D_TeneurdeMarcheAutomatiseAutomatedMarketMakerAMM'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Teneur de March\u00e9 Automatis\u00e9, <i>Automated Market Maker<\/i> - AMM<\/h3><span><\/span><p>Protocole permettant de calculer le taux de change entre deux crypto-actifs de mani\u00e8re automatique. Le teneur de march\u00e9 automatis\u00e9 est \u00e0 la base de tous les DEX (Decentralised Exchange), et permettent \u00e0 ses usagers d\u2019\u00e9changer des crypto-actifs entre eux en pair-\u00e0-pair, sans passer par un tiers. La premi\u00e8re plateforme \u00e0 utiliser ce principe se nomme Uniswap.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Automated Market Maker (AMM)<\/h3><p>A protocol that automatically calculates the exchange rate between two crypto-assets. Automated market making is the foundation of all DEXs (Decentralized Exchanges), allowing users to trade crypto-assets peer-to-peer without intermediaries. The first platform to use this principle was Uniswap.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-T'  id='D_TokenisationCarbone'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Tokenisation Carbone<\/h3><span><\/span><p>Les cr\u00e9dits carbone tokenis\u00e9s sont des repr\u00e9sentations num\u00e9riques de compensations <br>carbone r\u00e9elles, cr\u00e9\u00e9es sur une blockchain. En cr\u00e9ant un \u00ab jumeau num\u00e9rique \u00bb immuable<br> de l'impact environnemental v\u00e9rifi\u00e9, ces tokens r\u00e9solvent les probl\u00e8mes traditionnels du <br>march\u00e9, tels que le double comptage et le manque de liquidit\u00e9, tout en permettant<br> la mesure, la d\u00e9claration et la v\u00e9rification automatis\u00e9es (MRV) <br>via des oracles d\u00e9centralis\u00e9s.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3><\/h3><p>Tokenized carbon credits are digital representations of real-world carbon offsets minted on a blockchain. By creating an <br>immutable \"digital twin\" of verified environmental impact, these tokens solve legacy market issues like double counting <br>and illiquidity, while enabling automated Measurement, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) via decentralized oracles.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-T'  id='D_Tokenisationdelectricite'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Tokenisation d'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9<\/h3><span><\/span><p>La <a href='#D_JetonouTokenisationToken' class='glossary-link'>tokenisation<\/a> consiste \u00e0 repr\u00e9senter l\u2019\u00e9nergie produite, le kilowatt-heure, <br>par une unit\u00e9 num\u00e9rique \u00e9changeable et tra\u00e7able. Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des compteurs <br>intelligents connect\u00e9s et \u00e0 la blockchain, chaque unit\u00e9 produite ou consomm\u00e9e <br>peut \u00eatre horodat\u00e9e, certifi\u00e9e et mon\u00e9tis\u00e9e instantan\u00e9ment. Ce principe change <br>la nature de l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9. Elle devient non seulement un flux physique mais aussi <br>un actif \u00e9conomique \u00e9changeable entre voisins, coop\u00e9ratives et entreprises.<br>Retrouvez une d\u00e9finition en vid\u00e9o<br>https:\/\/youtu.be\/Ir0B97QWZ_4?si=htAD2XV9cxEJh4TW <\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3><\/h3><p>Tokenization involves representing the energy produced, the kilowatt-hour, by a tradable <br>and traceable digital unit. Thanks to connected smart meters and blockchain technology, <br>each unit produced or consumed can be time-stamped, certified, and monetized instantly. <br>This principle changes the nature of electricity. It becomes not only a physical flow but also <br>an economic asset that can be exchanged between neighbors, cooperatives, and businesses.<br>Find a definition in video format: <br>https:\/\/youtu.be\/Ir0B97QWZ_4?si=htAD2XV9cxEJh4TW <\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-T'  id='D_ToleranceauxpannesbyzantinesasynchronesasynchronousByzantineFaultToleranceaBFT'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Tol\u00e9rance aux pannes byzantines asynchrones, <i>asynchronous Byzantine Fault Tolerance<\/i> - aBFT<\/h3><span><\/span><p>La <a href='#D_ToleranceauxpannesbyzantinesasynchronesasynchronousByzantineFaultToleranceaBFT' class='glossary-link'>tol\u00e9rance aux pannes byzantines asynchrones<\/a> est une mani\u00e8re alternative de r\u00e9pondre au probl\u00e8me des g\u00e9n\u00e9raux byzantins (voir supra). Plut\u00f4t que de faire en sorte que les trois g\u00e9n\u00e9raux soient coordonn\u00e9s en permanence, il s\u2019agit de confier la direction des trois arm\u00e9es aux g\u00e9n\u00e9raux bienveillants, tout en excluant le g\u00e9n\u00e9ral malveillant du contr\u00f4le de son arm\u00e9e. Du point de vue d\u2019un r\u00e9seau informatique, un r\u00e9seau tol\u00e9rant aux pannes byzantines asynchrones authentifie les membres bienveillants de ce dernier pour leur confier la responsabilit\u00e9 de le faire fonctionner.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>asynchronous Byzantine Fault Tolerance (aBFT)<\/h3><p><a href='#D_ToleranceauxpannesbyzantinesasynchronesasynchronousByzantineFaultToleranceaBFT' class='glossary-link'>Asynchronous Byzantine fault tolerance<\/a> is an alternative way to address the Byzantine generals problem (see above). Rather than ensuring that the three generals are constantly coordinated, the approach involves entrusting the command of the three armies to the benevolent generals, while excluding the malevolent general from control of his army. From the perspective of a computer network, an asynchronous Byzantine fault-tolerant network authenticates its benevolent members, granting them responsibility for its operation.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-T'  id='D_ToleranceauxpannesbyzantinesByzantineFaultToleranceBFT'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Tol\u00e9rance aux pannes byzantines, <i>Byzantine Fault Tolerance<\/i> - BFT<\/h3><span><\/span><p>La tol\u00e9rance aux pannes byzantines est une solution au probl\u00e8me logique des g\u00e9n\u00e9raux Byzantins. Ce probl\u00e8me logique, \u00e9labor\u00e9 en 1982, consiste \u00e0 expliquer les difficult\u00e9s de coordination simultan\u00e9e des actions de trois arm\u00e9es command\u00e9es par trois g\u00e9n\u00e9raux alli\u00e9s. En effet, ces derniers doivent attaquer ou battre en retraite en m\u00eame temps. Or, un g\u00e9n\u00e9ral ne peut conna\u00eetre les actions des autres que par l\u2019interm\u00e9diaire d\u2019\u00e9missaires. Par cons\u00e9quent, un g\u00e9n\u00e9ral malveillant envoyant une information erron\u00e9e aux deux autres brouillera les actions des alli\u00e9s. En appliquant cette situation aux r\u00e9seaux informatiques, on peut en d\u00e9duire que seulement un tiers des membres d\u2019un r\u00e9seau est capable de nuire \u00e0 l\u2019enti\u00e8ret\u00e9 de ce dernier. La tol\u00e9rance aux pannes byzantines est la capacit\u00e9 d\u2019une technologie donn\u00e9e de se pr\u00e9munir contre ce type de comportement. Les m\u00e9canismes de consensus par la preuve de travail et par la preuve d\u2019enjeu sont des exemples de solutions rendant les blockchains tol\u00e9rantes aux pannes byzantines.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT)<\/h3><p><a href='#D_ToleranceauxpannesbyzantinesByzantineFaultToleranceBFT' class='glossary-link'>Byzantine fault tolerance<\/a> is a solution to the Byzantine Generals' Problem. This logical problem, formulated in 1982, attempts to explain the difficulties of simultaneously coordinating the actions of three armies commanded by three allied generals. These generals must attack or retreat at the same time. However, a general can only learn of the actions of the others through emissaries. Consequently, a malicious general sending erroneous information to the other two will disrupt the allies' actions. Applying this situation to computer networks, we can deduce that only one-third of the members of a network are capable of harming the entire network. <a href='#D_ToleranceauxpannesbyzantinesByzantineFaultToleranceBFT' class='glossary-link'>Byzantine fault tolerance<\/a> is the ability of a given technology to protect itself against this type of behavior. Proof-of-work and <a href='#D_PreuvedenjeuouPreuvedeparticipationProofofstakePoS' class='glossary-link'>proof-of-stake<\/a> consensus mechanisms are examples of solutions that make blockchains Byzantine fault-tolerant.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-T'  id='D_TresoreriedactifsnumeriquesDigitalAssetTreasuryCompaniesDATs'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Tr\u00e9sorerie d'actifs num\u00e9riques, <i>Digital Asset Treasury Companies<\/i> - DATs<\/h3><span><\/span><p>L'objectif d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 DAT est de d\u00e9tenir des actifs num\u00e9riques, permettant ainsi \u00e0 d'autres investisseurs de s'y exposer en achetant des actions ou des parts de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Digital Asset Treasury Companies (DATs)<\/h3><p>The objective of a DAT company is to hold digital assets, thereby allowing other investors to gain exposure by purchasing shares or units of the company.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n<div class='gl-d az-d-V'  id='D_VaultVault'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Vault, <i>Vault<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Coffre-fort automatis\u00e9 dans la <a href='#D_FinancedecentraliseeDecentralizedFinanceDeFi' class='glossary-link'>DeFi<\/a> qui \u00e9x\u00e9cute des strat\u00e9gies, via des smart <br>contracts, de rendement pour les d\u00e9posants. Ce concept est central dans <br>l'\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me <a href='#D_FinancedecentraliseeDecentralizedFinanceDeFi' class='glossary-link'>DeFi<\/a> de la blockchain et du Web3. <\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Vault<\/h3><p>An automated vault in <a href='#D_FinancedecentraliseeDecentralizedFinanceDeFi' class='glossary-link'>DeFi<\/a> that executes yield strategies for depositors via smart contracts. This concept is central to the <a href='#D_FinancedecentraliseeDecentralizedFinanceDeFi' class='glossary-link'>DeFi<\/a> ecosystem of blockchain and Web3.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-758c6ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"758c6ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"gt-t-icon\">\n    <!--<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xml:space=\"preserve\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\" style=\"shape-rendering:geometricPrecision;text-rendering:geometricPrecision;image-rendering:optimizeQuality;fill-rule:evenodd;clip-rule:evenodd\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\"><path d=\"M50 0C36.2 0 23.7 5.6 14.6 14.6 5.6 23.7 0 36.2 0 50c0 13.8 5.6 26.3 14.6 35.4 9.1 9 21.6 14.6 35.4 14.6 13.8 0 26.3-5.6 35.4-14.6 9-9.1 14.6-21.6 14.6-35.4 0-13.8-5.6-26.3-14.6-35.4C76.3 5.6 63.8 0 50 0zm-2.2 73.6c-1.6 1.7-4.2 1.8-5.9.3-1.7-1.5-1.8-4.2-.3-5.9L58 50 41.6 32c-1.5-1.7-1.4-4.4.3-5.9 1.7-1.6 4.3-1.4 5.9.3l18.9 20.8c1.4 1.6 1.5 4 0 5.6L47.8 73.6zM20.5 20.5C28.1 13 38.5 8.3 50 8.3S71.9 13 79.5 20.5c7.5 7.6 12.2 18 12.2 29.5S87 71.9 79.5 79.5C71.9 87 61.5 91.7 50 91.7S28.1 87 20.5 79.5C13 71.9 8.3 61.5 8.3 50S13 28.1 20.5 20.5z\" style=\"fill:#fbfaf4;fill-rule:nonzero\"\/><\/svg>-->\n    <a class=\"gt-t-main\" href=\"#GlStart\"><\/a>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2ae1b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"d2ae1b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<style>\r\n    .answer {\r\n  display: flex;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.question {\r\n  cursor: pointer;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.fake-icon{\r\n    transition: 0.25s;\r\n    rotate: 90deg;\r\n    position: relative;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.question.open .fake-icon{\r\n    rotate: 90deg;\r\n}\r\n\r\n@media (max-width: 720px){\r\n    .answer {\r\n  display: none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.fake-icon{\r\n    rotate: 0deg;\r\n}\r\n\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<!--<script>\r\ndocument.querySelectorAll('.faq .question').forEach(question => {\r\n  question.addEventListener('click', () => {\r\n    const answer = question.nextElementSibling;\r\n    const isOpen = question.classList.contains(\"open\");\r\n\r\n    if (isOpen) {\r\n      answer.style.display = \"none\";\r\n      question.classList.remove(\"open\");\r\n    } else {\r\n      answer.style.display = \"flex\";\r\n      question.classList.add(\"open\");\r\n    }\r\n  });\r\n});\r\n<\/script>\r\n-->\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n\/**\r\n * PARTIE 1 : OPTIMISATION DU CONTENU (LIENS & TYPOGRAPHIE)\r\n * Cible les \u00e9l\u00e9ments .gl-d pour transformer les URLs brutes en liens propres\r\n * ET transforme les liens YouTube en lecteurs vid\u00e9o int\u00e9gr\u00e9s.\r\n *\/\r\nfunction traiterLesLiens() {\r\n    \/\/ On cible les paragraphes dans les blocs .gl-d\r\n    const elements = document.querySelectorAll('.gl-d p');\r\n    \r\n    \/\/ Regex pour d\u00e9tecter les URLs (\u00e9vite de capturer la ponctuation de fin de phrase)\r\n    \/\/ Am\u00e9lioration : lookahead n\u00e9gatif pour \u00e9viter les attributs href=\"\" ou src=\"\"\r\n    const regexUrl = \/\\bhttps?:\\\/\\\/[^\\s<]+(?![^<>]*>|[^\"]*?href)\/g;\r\n\r\n    elements.forEach(function(element) {\r\n        let htmlOriginal = element.innerHTML;\r\n\r\n        \/\/ Le remplacement utilise une fonction pour traiter chaque URL trouv\u00e9e\r\n        let htmlTransforme = htmlOriginal.replace(regexUrl, function(urlComplete) {\r\n            \r\n            \/\/ --- DETECTEUR YOUTUBE ---\r\n            \/\/ On cherche un ID vid\u00e9o (11 caract\u00e8res) sur youtube.com ou youtu.be\r\n            const youtubeMatch = urlComplete.match(\/(?:youtube\\.com\\\/(?:[^\\\/]+\\\/.+\\\/|(?:v|e(?:mbed)?)\\\/|.*[?&]v=)|youtu\\.be\\\/)([^\"&?\\\/\\s]{11})\/);\r\n\r\n            if (youtubeMatch && youtubeMatch[1]) {\r\n                const videoId = youtubeMatch[1];\r\n                \/\/ On retourne une iframe responsive (ratio 16:9 via padding-bottom)\r\n                return `\r\n                <div class=\"video-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.25%; height: 0; overflow: hidden; max-width: 100%; margin: 15px 0; border-radius: 8px; background: #000;\">\r\n                    <iframe \r\n                        src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/${videoId}\" \r\n                        style=\"position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%;\" \r\n                        frameborder=\"0\" \r\n                        allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" \r\n                        allowfullscreen \r\n                        title=\"Vid\u00e9o explicative\">\r\n                    <\/iframe>\r\n                <\/div>`;\r\n            }\r\n\r\n            \/\/ --- TRAITEMENT STANDARD (LIEN TEXTE) ---\r\n            \r\n            \/\/ 1. Nettoyage de l'affichage : on enl\u00e8ve le protocole et www\r\n            let urlAffichee = urlComplete.replace(\/^https?:\\\/\\\/(www\\.)?\/, '');\r\n            \r\n            \/\/ 2. On s'arr\u00eate apr\u00e8s l'extension (.com, .fr, .net...)\r\n            \/\/ On split sur \/, ?, ou # et on prend le premier segment\r\n            urlAffichee = urlAffichee.split(\/[\/?#]\/)[0];\r\n\r\n            \/\/ On retourne le lien construit\r\n            return `<a href=\"${urlComplete}\" class=\"modLink\" title=\"Visiter ${urlComplete}\" target=\"_blank\">${urlAffichee}<\/a>`;\r\n        });\r\n\r\n        element.innerHTML = htmlTransforme;\r\n    });\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/**\r\n * PARTIE 1.2 : TRAITEMENT TYPOGRAPHIQUE\r\n * G\u00e8re les citations et l'italique pour les guillemets\r\n *\/\r\nfunction traiterLaTypographie() {\r\n    const paragraphs = document.querySelectorAll('.gl-d p');\r\n    \r\n    paragraphs.forEach(function(paragraph) {\r\n        let content = paragraph.innerHTML;\r\n        \r\n        \/\/ Guillemets fran\u00e7ais avec espaces ins\u00e9cables\r\n        content = content.replace(\/\u00ab\\s*(.*?)\\s*\u00bb\/g, '<quote>\u00ab&nbsp;$1&nbsp;\u00bb<\/quote>');\r\n        \r\n        \/\/ Guillemets anglais vers italique\r\n        content = content.replace(\/\u201c(.*?)\u201d\/g, '<i>\"$1\"<\/i>');\r\n        \r\n        \/\/ Guillemets droits vers italique (si entour\u00e9s d'espaces ou ponctuation)\r\n        content = content.replace(\/(^|\\s)\"(.*?)\"(?=\\s|[.,;?!]|$)\/g, '$1<i>\"$2\"<\/i>');\r\n        \r\n        paragraph.innerHTML = content;\r\n    });\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/**\r\n * PARTIE 2 : NAVIGATION ALPHAB\u00c9TIQUE & RECHERCHE\r\n *\/\r\nconst SCROLL_OFFSET = 96; \r\n\r\nfunction initGlossaire() {\r\n    const searchInput = document.getElementById('search-input');\r\n    const alphaBar = document.getElementById('alphabetical-bar');\r\n    const clearButton = document.getElementById('search-clear-btn');\r\n    const wordLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.gl-h'); \r\n    const separators = document.querySelectorAll('.alphabet-separator');\r\n\r\n    const setupAlphabeticalBar = () => {\r\n        if (!alphaBar || separators.length === 0) return;\r\n        const firstOccurrenceIds = {};\r\n        const uniqueLetters = []; \r\n\r\n        separators.forEach(sep => {\r\n            const id = sep.id;\r\n            const letterKey = id.replace('alpha-', '').toUpperCase();\r\n            if (!firstOccurrenceIds[letterKey]) {\r\n                firstOccurrenceIds[letterKey] = id;\r\n                uniqueLetters.push(letterKey);\r\n            }\r\n        });\r\n\r\n        alphaBar.innerHTML = ''; \r\n        uniqueLetters.forEach(letter => {\r\n            const link = document.createElement('a');\r\n            link.href = `#${firstOccurrenceIds[letter]}`;\r\n            link.textContent = (letter === '#' || !isNaN(letter)) ? '0-9' : letter;\r\n            link.className = 'alpha-link';\r\n\r\n            link.addEventListener('click', (e) => {\r\n                e.preventDefault();\r\n                const targetId = link.getAttribute('href').substring(1);\r\n                const targetElement = document.getElementById(targetId);\r\n                if (targetElement) {\r\n                    const elementPosition = targetElement.getBoundingClientRect().top;\r\n                    const offsetPosition = elementPosition + window.pageYOffset - SCROLL_OFFSET;\r\n                    window.scrollTo({ top: offsetPosition, behavior: 'smooth' });\r\n                    separators.forEach(s => s.classList.remove('is-highlighted'));\r\n                    targetElement.classList.add('is-highlighted');\r\n                    setTimeout(() => targetElement.classList.remove('is-highlighted'), 1500);\r\n                }\r\n            });\r\n            alphaBar.appendChild(link);\r\n        });\r\n    };\r\n\r\n    const filterGlossary = () => {\r\n        if (!searchInput) return;\r\n        const query = searchInput.value.toLowerCase().trim();\r\n\r\n        wordLinks.forEach(link => {\r\n            const text = link.textContent.toLowerCase();\r\n            if (query === '' || text.includes(query)) {\r\n                link.classList.remove('is-hidden');\r\n                link.style.display = ''; \r\n            } else {\r\n                link.classList.add('is-hidden');\r\n                link.style.display = 'none'; \r\n            }\r\n        });\r\n\r\n        separators.forEach(separator => {\r\n            let nextElement = separator.nextElementSibling;\r\n            let hasVisibleWord = false;\r\n            while (nextElement && !nextElement.classList.contains('alphabet-separator')) {\r\n                if (nextElement.classList.contains('gl-h') && !nextElement.classList.contains('is-hidden') && nextElement.style.display !== 'none') {\r\n                    hasVisibleWord = true;\r\n                    break; \r\n                }\r\n                nextElement = nextElement.nextElementSibling;\r\n            }\r\n            if (hasVisibleWord) separator.style.display = '';\r\n            else separator.style.display = 'none';\r\n        });\r\n    };\r\n\r\n    if (searchInput) {\r\n        searchInput.addEventListener('input', () => {\r\n            filterGlossary();\r\n            if (clearButton) {\r\n                clearButton.classList.toggle('is-hidden', searchInput.value.trim() === '');\r\n                clearButton.style.display = searchInput.value.trim() === '' ? 'none' : '';\r\n            }\r\n        });\r\n        if (clearButton) {\r\n            clearButton.style.display = 'none';\r\n            clearButton.addEventListener('click', (e) => {\r\n                e.preventDefault();\r\n                searchInput.value = '';\r\n                filterGlossary();\r\n                clearButton.style.display = 'none';\r\n            });\r\n        }\r\n    }\r\n    setupAlphabeticalBar();\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/**\r\n * PARTIE 3 : GESTION DU TH\u00c8ME (LIGHT \/ DARK)\r\n *\/\r\nfunction initThemeToggle() {\r\n    const toggleBtn = document.getElementById('theme-toggle-btn');\r\n    const body = document.body;\r\n    \r\n    \/\/ 1. V\u00e9rifier si l'utilisateur a d\u00e9j\u00e0 choisi un th\u00e8me auparavant\r\n    const savedTheme = localStorage.getItem('site-theme');\r\n    if (savedTheme === 'light') {\r\n        body.setAttribute('data-theme', 'light');\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    \/\/ 2. Gestion du clic\r\n    if (toggleBtn) {\r\n        toggleBtn.addEventListener('click', function() {\r\n            \/\/ Si on est en light, on passe en dark (d\u00e9faut)\r\n            if (body.getAttribute('data-theme') === 'light') {\r\n                body.removeAttribute('data-theme');\r\n                localStorage.setItem('site-theme', 'dark');\r\n            } else {\r\n                \/\/ Sinon on passe en light\r\n                body.setAttribute('data-theme', 'light');\r\n                localStorage.setItem('site-theme', 'light');\r\n            }\r\n        });\r\n    }\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/**\r\n * PARTIE 4 : GESTION DE LA LANGUE (FR \/ EN) AVEC SVG\r\n *\/\r\nfunction initLangToggle() {\r\n    const langBtn = document.getElementById('lang-toggle-btn');\r\n    const body = document.body;\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Code SVG des drapeaux\r\n    const flagFR = `<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 900 600\"><path fill=\"#CE1126\" d=\"M0 0h900v600H0\"\/><path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M0 0h600v600H0\"\/><path fill=\"#002654\" d=\"M0 0h300v600H0\"\/><\/svg>`;\r\n    const flagUK = `<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"1000\" height=\"600\" viewBox=\"0 0 50 30\"><clipPath id=\"a\"><path d=\"M25 15h25v15zv15H0zH0V0zV0h25z\"\/><\/clipPath><path fill=\"#012169\" d=\"M0 0v30h50V0z\"\/><path stroke=\"#fff\" stroke-width=\"6\" d=\"m0 0 50 30m0-30L0 30\"\/><path stroke=\"#C8102E\" stroke-width=\"4\" d=\"m0 0 50 30m0-30L0 30\" clip-path=\"url(#a)\"\/><path fill=\"#C8102E\" stroke=\"#FFF\" stroke-width=\"2\" d=\"M-1 11h22V-1h8v12h22v8H29v12h-8V19H-1z\"\/><\/svg>`;\r\n    \r\n    \/\/ Fonction utilitaire pour mettre \u00e0 jour l'ic\u00f4ne du bouton\r\n    const updateLangIcon = (isEnglish) => {\r\n        if (!langBtn) return;\r\n        const iconSpan = langBtn.querySelector('.flag-icon');\r\n        if (iconSpan) {\r\n            iconSpan.innerHTML = isEnglish ? flagFR : flagUK;\r\n        }\r\n    };\r\n\r\n    \/\/ 1. V\u00e9rifier la pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence sauvegard\u00e9e\r\n    const savedLang = localStorage.getItem('site-lang');\r\n    if (savedLang === 'en') {\r\n        body.classList.add('lang-en');\r\n        updateLangIcon(true);\r\n    } else {\r\n        updateLangIcon(false);\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    \/\/ 2. Gestion du clic\r\n    if (langBtn) {\r\n        langBtn.addEventListener('click', function() {\r\n            body.classList.toggle('lang-en');\r\n            const isEnglish = body.classList.contains('lang-en');\r\n            \r\n            if (isEnglish) {\r\n                localStorage.setItem('site-lang', 'en');\r\n                updateLangIcon(true);\r\n            } else {\r\n                localStorage.setItem('site-lang', 'fr');\r\n                updateLangIcon(false);\r\n            }\r\n        });\r\n    }\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/\/ ============================================================\r\n\/\/ LANCEMENT GENERAL\r\n\/\/ ============================================================\r\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\r\n    \/\/ 1. Lancement des optimisations de contenu\r\n    traiterLesLiens();\r\n    traiterLaTypographie();\r\n\r\n    \/\/ 2. Lancement des fonctionnalit\u00e9s interactives\r\n    initGlossaire();\r\n    initThemeToggle();\r\n    initLangToggle();\r\n\r\n    \/\/ 3. Gestion du bouton retour\r\n    document.querySelectorAll('.gt-t').forEach(btn => {\r\n        btn.addEventListener('click', (e) => {\r\n            e.preventDefault();\r\n            window.history.back();\r\n        });\r\n    });\r\n});\r\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0cb21e0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0cb21e0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"ForcedFooter\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7654e33 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"7654e33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"73\" class=\"elementor elementor-73\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor-hf\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48e84e9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"48e84e9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-620e3b8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"620e3b8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6eb5748 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6eb5748\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-033d1e1 elementor-widget__width-inherit bfg-web-link-image elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"033d1e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/theblockchainforgood.org\/?lang=en\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"46\" src=\"https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/logotype_bfg_inline_milk_white.svg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3957\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a72e8e bfg-web-link elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1a72e8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/data.theblockchainforgood.org\">DATA<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7fd490c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7fd490c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">|<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc093d5 bfg-web-link elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cc093d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/\">RESEARCH<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5db5e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a5db5e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">|<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c2b8e6 bfg-web-link elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5c2b8e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/event.theblockchainforgood.org\">EVENT<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d31ac42 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d31ac42\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-859f864 elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" 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