{"id":4193,"date":"2025-12-11T13:31:18","date_gmt":"2025-12-11T12:31:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/?page_id=4193"},"modified":"2026-02-14T15:02:54","modified_gmt":"2026-02-14T14:02:54","slug":"aid-philanthropy-r10-en","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/index.php\/aid-philanthropy-r10-en\/","title":{"rendered":"R10 | Aid &#038; Philanthropy (en)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4193\" class=\"elementor elementor-4193\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae47505 e-con-full report-styling report-header e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ae47505\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8077305 e-con-full report-container e-flex e-con e-child\" 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elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"48fc5e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-arrow-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M190.5 66.9l22.2-22.2c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0L441 239c9.4 9.4 9.4 24.6 0 33.9L246.6 467.3c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.2-22.2c-9.5-9.5-9.3-25 .4-34.3L311.4 296H24c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24v-32c0-13.3 10.7-24 24-24h287.4L190.9 101.2c-9.8-9.3-10-24.8-.4-34.3z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c27ba5f fck-elementor-fcking-logic-on-img elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c27ba5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/index.php\/rapport-aide-charite-philanthropie-2025-2026\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/fr.svg\" title=\"fr\" alt=\"fr\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48a3344 elementor-widget__width-inherit report-title elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48a3344\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aid &amp; Philanthropy<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f93b3ef elementor-widget__width-inherit report-title author-mention elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f93b3ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dr Jaques Andr\u00e9 Fines Schlumberger<\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-805b255 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"805b255\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<style>\r\n\/* ==========================================================================\r\n   1. VARIABLES & GLOBAUX\r\n   ========================================================================== *\/\r\n:root {\r\n    --color-report: #D40C67;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Application de la couleur de fond globale *\/\r\n.archive-container,\r\n.sticky-nav,\r\n.active-projects,\r\n.iaGraphie,\r\n#page,\r\n.current-progress {\r\n    background-color: var(--color-report) !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#page{\r\n    max-width: 100vw;\r\n    overflow: hidden;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Animations globales *\/\r\n@keyframes blink {\r\n    0%, 100% { opacity: 1; }\r\n    50% { opacity: 0; }\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* ==========================================================================\r\n   1.bis Style des ODD \/ SDG\r\n   ========================================================================== *\/\r\n   \r\n.report-styling .odd-container{\r\n    min-width: 128px;\r\n    max-width: calc(100% \/ 8);\r\n    transition: 0.25s;\r\n    position: relative;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.icon-wrapper-2 .elementor-icon-wrapper{\r\n    height: inherit;\r\n    margin-bottom: -8px;\r\n    box-sizing: border-box;\r\n}\r\n\r\n@media (max-width: 600px){\r\n    .report-styling .odd-container{\r\n    max-width: calc(100% \/ 4);\r\n    min-width: initial!important;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n\r\n@media (max-width: 500px){\r\n    .report-styling .odd-container{\r\n    max-width: calc(100% \/ 4);\r\n    min-width: 64px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n    .change-font-size .report-styling .odd-container{\r\n    max-width: calc(100% \/ 3);\r\n    min-width: 64px;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n\r\n\r\n\/* ==========================================================================\r\n   2. NAVIGATION & HEADER\r\n   ========================================================================== *\/\r\n\r\n.report-header:before {\r\n    background: linear-gradient(0deg, var(--color-report) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 100%);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.sticky-nav {\r\n    \/* Propri\u00e9t\u00e9s existantes \u00e0 conserver si d\u00e9finies ailleurs, sinon background appliqu\u00e9 via groupe global *\/\r\n}\r\n\r\n.box-content{\r\n    display: none;\r\n    padding: 16px 16px 0 0;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.active .box-content{\r\n    display: flex;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.box-content *{\r\n    transition: 0.2s;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.box-content ul{\r\n    margin: 0!important;\r\n    padding: 0 0 0 1em;\r\n    color: #fffcf5!important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.box-content .nav-items p, \r\n.box-content .nav-items li, \r\n.box-content .nav-items a {\r\n    line-height: 1.25em!important;\r\n    font-size: 1rem!important;\r\n    color: #fffcf5!important;\r\n    margin-top: 1em!important;\r\n    margin-bottom: 0;\r\n    min-height: 24px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.box-content .nav-items p {\r\n    font-weight: 700;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.box-content a:hover{\r\n    text-decoration: underline;\r\n}\r\n\r\n@media (max-width: 360px){\r\n    .link-div:hover{\r\n        padding-left: 0px!important;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n.box-content{\r\n    display: none;\r\n    padding-right: 0px;\r\n}\r\n}\r\n\r\n.sticky-nav{\r\n    position: relative;\r\n    transition: 0.25s;\r\n    left: 0;\r\n    right: 0;\r\n    top: 0;\r\n    width: 100vw!important;;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.elementor-sticky--active .nav-container{\r\n    max-height: initial;\r\n    padding: 16px 16px 16px 16px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.elementor-sticky--active, .elementor-sticky--effects{\r\n    animation: slide-in-down-2 0.5s backwards 0.5s !important;\r\n    margin-top: 0px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n@keyframes slide-in-down-2 {\r\n    0%{margin-top: -96px;}\r\n    100%{margin-top: 0px;}\r\n}\r\n\r\n.sticky-nav a{\r\n    color: #fffcf5;\r\n    transition: 0.2s\r\n}\r\n\r\n.sticky-nav .progress-bar{\r\n    max-height: 0;   \r\n    overflow: hidden;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.elementor-sticky--active .progress-bar{\r\n    max-height: 32px;   \r\n}\r\n\r\n@media (max-width: 360px){\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* --- Navigation Mobile --- *\/\r\n.mobile-nav-container a {\r\n    color: var(--e-global-color-cfea750);\r\n    display: flex;\r\n    padding: 8px 0;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.mobile-nav-container p {\r\n    color: var(--e-global-color-cfea750);\r\n    margin: 0;\r\n    min-height: 48px;\r\n    display: flex;\r\n    align-items: center;\r\n    border-bottom: 2px dashed #fffcf525;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.mobile-nav-container .nav-content .nav-chapters span {\r\n    width: 100%;\r\n    display: flex;\r\n    flex-grow: 1;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#menuToggle {\r\n    position: relative;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.mobile-nav-container .close {\r\n    display: none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.mobile-nav-container .nav-content {\r\n    max-height: 0px;\r\n    overflow-y: hidden;\r\n    transition: max-height ease-in-out 0.2s;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* \u00c9tat actif du menu mobile *\/\r\n.mobile-nav-container.active .nav-content {\r\n    max-height: calc(100dvh - 56px);\r\n    overflow-y: auto;\r\n    overflow-x: hidden;\r\n    transition: max-height ease-in-out 0.4s;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.mobile-nav-container.active .close {\r\n    display: block;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.mobile-nav-container.active .open {\r\n    display: none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* --- Boutons Zoom --- *\/\r\n#page.change-font-size .zoom-in {\r\n    display: none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.zoom-out {\r\n    display: none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#page.change-font-size .zoom-out {\r\n    display: flex;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* ==========================================================================\r\n   3. PROJETS ACTIFS (Active Projects)\r\n   ========================================================================== *\/\r\n\r\n.active-projects-container {\r\n    margin-bottom: 24px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.active-projects-container > div {\r\n    max-width: 100%;\r\n    display: flex;\r\n    margin: 0;\r\n    gap: 4px;\r\n    flex-wrap: wrap;\r\n}\r\n\r\na.active-projects {\r\n    display: inline-flex;\r\n    color: var(--e-global-color-cfea750);\r\n    transition: 0.2s;\r\n    border: 3px solid transparent;\r\n    font-size: 0.85em;\r\n    padding: 2px 4px 0px;\r\n    background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\r\n    border-radius: 2px;\r\n    cursor: pointer;\r\n    flex-grow: 1;\r\n    justify-content: center;\r\n}\r\n\r\na.active-projects:hover {\r\n    border: 3px solid white;\r\n    background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* ==========================================================================\r\n   4. LIENS & INTERACTIVIT\u00c9 G\u00c9N\u00c9RALE\r\n   ========================================================================== *\/\r\n\r\n.link-div {\r\n    transition: 0.2s;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.link-div:hover {\r\n    padding-left: 16px;\r\n    cursor: pointer;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Liens g\u00e9n\u00e9riques dans les chapitres *\/\r\n.chapter-container a,\r\n.biblio-content a{\r\n    color: var(--e-global-color-71913df);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.chapter-container a:hover {\r\n    color: inherit!important;\r\n}\r\n.chapter-container a[target=\"_blank\"]:hover {\r\n    color: var(--e-global-color-71913df);\r\n    text-decoration: underline;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.chapter-container a:target {\r\n    position: relative;\r\n    animation: blink 1s 3;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Ic\u00f4ne lien externe *\/\r\n.chapter-container a[target=\"_blank\"]:after,\r\n.fn-container a[target=\"_blank\"]:after {\r\n    content: \"\\2197\";\r\n    padding: 0 0.15ch 0 0.25ch;\r\n    margin-left: 0.5ch;\r\n    display: inline-block;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Glossary words *\/\r\na.gl-word {\r\n    color: inherit!important;\r\n    border-bottom: 1px dashed rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.l-fr{\r\n    display: none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* iaGraphie*\/\r\n.iaGraphie a {\r\n    color: var(--e-global-color-cfea750);\r\n    text-decoration: underline;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* ==========================================================================\r\n   5. CONTENU DU RAPPORT (Typography & Layout)\r\n   ========================================================================== *\/\r\n.chapter-container {\r\n    font-size: 0.95em;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.chapter-container * {\r\n    transition: 0.2s;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Paragraphes et Listes *\/\r\n.chapter-container p,\r\n.chapter-container li {\r\n    margin: 0 0 1em 0;\r\n    font-weight: 300;\r\n    line-height: 1.5em;\r\n    font-size: 0.95em;\r\n    text-align: justify;\r\n    transition: 0s !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Titres *\/\r\n.chapter-container h2 {\r\n    font-size: 2.5em;\r\n    margin: 0em 0 0.75rem;\r\n    font-weight: 600;\r\n    line-height: 1em;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.chapter-container h3 {\r\n    color: var(--color-report);\r\n    font-size: 2.25em;\r\n    font-weight: 400;\r\n    line-height: 1em;\r\n    margin: 1em 0 0.75rem;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.chapter-container h4 {\r\n    font-size: 1.75em;\r\n    font-weight: 600;\r\n    line-height: 1em;\r\n    margin: 1.5em 0 0.75em !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.chapter-container h5 {\r\n    text-transform: none;\r\n    color: var(--color-report);\r\n    font-size: 1.25em;\r\n    font-weight: 500;\r\n    line-height: 1em;\r\n    margin: 1em 0 !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.chapter-container h6 {\r\n    font-size: 1.15em;\r\n    font-weight: 500;\r\n    text-transform: none;\r\n    line-height: 1em;\r\n    margin: 0rem 0 1rem;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Code inline *\/\r\n.chapter-container code {\r\n    background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.25);\r\n    margin: -0.5em 0 1em;\r\n    display: block;\r\n    border-radius: 2px;\r\n    padding-left: 8px;\r\n    word-break: break-all;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* \u00c9l\u00e9ments divers *\/\r\n.chapter-container em {\r\n    color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.65);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.chapter-container span.sup {\r\n    position: relative;\r\n    font-size: 0.8em;\r\n    top: -0.5em;\r\n    font-weight: 800;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* --- Blocs Sp\u00e9cifiques --- *\/\r\n\r\n\/* Bloc standard *\/\r\n.chapter-container .bloc {\r\n    background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);\r\n    padding: 24px;\r\n    margin: 1.5em 0;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.chapter-container .bloc p:last-child {\r\n    margin-bottom: 0;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.chapter-container .bloc h2 {\r\n    font-size: 2em;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.chapter-container .bloc p {\r\n    font-size: 0.9em;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.chapter-container .enjeux h2 {\r\n    color: #000;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Focus Bloc *\/\r\n.chapter-container .focus {\r\n    padding-left: 16px;\r\n    border-left: 4px dotted #252525;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* UseCase Start *\/\r\n.chapter-container .usecase, .chapter-container .usecase-start {\r\n    position: relative;\r\n    margin-top: 1em;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.chapter-container .usecase:before, .chapter-container .usecase-start:before {\r\n    position: absolute;\r\n    content: '';\r\n    left: -24px;\r\n    top: 0;\r\n    width: 8px;\r\n    min-height: calc(100% + 16px);\r\n    background: linear-gradient(180deg, var(--color-report) 0%, rgba(24, 24, 24, 0) 100%);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Tech Bloc *\/\r\n.chapter-container .tech {\r\n    position: relative;\r\n    margin: 32px 16px;\r\n    padding: 16px 0 16px 16px;\r\n    border-left: 2px solid #252525;\r\n    border-top: 2px solid #252525;\r\n    border-bottom: 2px solid #252525;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.chapter-container .tech h6,\r\nspan.tdd {\r\n    padding: 0 30px 0 16px;\r\n    background-color: #FFFCF5;\r\n    font-size: 1em !important;\r\n    margin: 0 0 1em 0em !important;\r\n    position: absolute;\r\n    font-weight: 400;\r\n    right: 0px;\r\n    top: -12px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.chapter-container .tech h6:after,\r\n.chapter-container span.tdd:after {\r\n    content: '';\r\n    background: url('https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/partager-event.svg') no-repeat;\r\n    background-size: contain;\r\n    width: 24px;\r\n    height: 24px;\r\n    rotate: 180deg;\r\n    position: absolute;\r\n    right: 0px;\r\n    top: 0px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Images Source *\/\r\n.chapter-container .img-src p,\r\np.img-src {\r\n    width: 100%;\r\n    text-align: right !important;\r\n    font-size: 0.8em !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* ==========================================================================\r\n   6. TABLEAUX (Styling & Scroll)\r\n   ========================================================================== *\/\r\n\r\n\/* Wrapper pour le scroll *\/\r\n.table-wrapper {\r\n    max-width: 100%;\r\n    overflow-x: auto;\r\n    padding-bottom: 16px;\r\n    \/* Scrollbar pour Firefox *\/\r\n    scrollbar-width: thin;\r\n    scrollbar-color: #FFFCF5 transparent;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Scrollbar WebKit *\/\r\n.table-wrapper::-webkit-scrollbar {\r\n    height: 8px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.table-wrapper::-webkit-scrollbar-track {\r\n    background: transparent;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.table-wrapper::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb {\r\n    background-color: #FFFCF5;\r\n    border-radius: 4px;\r\n    border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.table-wrapper::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb:hover {\r\n    background-color: #ffffff;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Style de base des tableaux *\/\r\ntable {\r\n    border-collapse: collapse;\r\n    width: 100%;\r\n    background: transparent;\r\n    color: #FFFCF5;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.report-table {\r\n    overflow-x: auto;\r\n    border: 4px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);\r\n    border-radius: 4px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.report-table table * {\r\n    font-size: 0.9rem;\r\n    margin: 0 !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Cellules *\/\r\ntd, th {\r\n    padding: 12px 16px;\r\n    border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);\r\n    vertical-align: middle;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.report-table td {\r\n    padding: 8px 12px !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Typography Tableaux *\/\r\n.report-table table p {\r\n    text-align: left !important;\r\n    color: #323232 !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.report-table td:nth-child(1) p,\r\n.report-table thead p {\r\n    font-weight: 600;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.report-table thead td {\r\n    border-bottom-width: 4px !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* En-t\u00eates sp\u00e9cifiques *\/\r\nth.header-cell {\r\n    color: #FFFCF5;\r\n    font-weight: 700;\r\n    text-transform: uppercase;\r\n    border-bottom: 4px solid #FFFCF5;\r\n    text-align: center;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Colonnes sp\u00e9cifiques *\/\r\n.task-col {\r\n    text-align: left;\r\n    font-weight: 500;\r\n    width: 25%;\r\n    color: #FFFCF5;\r\n    line-height: 1.4;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.check-col {\r\n    text-align: center;\r\n    width: 25%;\r\n    color: #FFFCF5;\r\n    font-weight: bold;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* ==========================================================================\r\n   7. FOOTNOTES (Notes de bas de page)\r\n   ========================================================================== *\/\r\n.fn-container {\r\n    font-size: 0.8em;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.fn-container * {\r\n    transition: 0.2s;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.fn-container p {\r\n    margin: 0 0 8px 0;\r\n    max-width: 980px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.fn-container a {\r\n    color: var(--e-global-color-71913df);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.fn-container a:hover {\r\n    color: inherit;\r\n    text-decoration: underline;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.fn-container a[href^=\"#\"] {\r\n    color: var(--e-global-color-71913df);\r\n    font-weight: 900;\r\n    display: inline-block;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Conteneur de note (\u00e9tat par d\u00e9faut) *\/\r\n.fn-container div[id^=\"ftnt\"] {\r\n    bottom: 0;\r\n    left: 0;\r\n    right: 0;\r\n    background-color: var(--e-global-color-cfea750);\r\n    align-items: center;\r\n    justify-content: center;\r\n    flex-wrap: wrap;\r\n    border-top: 5px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);\r\n    transition: 0s;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Conteneur de note (\u00e9tat cibl\u00e9\/affich\u00e9) *\/\r\n.fn-container div[id^=\"ftnt\"]:target {\r\n    position: fixed;\r\n    bottom: 0;\r\n    background-color: var(--e-global-color-cfea750);\r\n    width: 100vw;\r\n    padding: 64px 24px 24px;\r\n    border-radius: 0;\r\n    display: flex;\r\n    align-items: center;\r\n    justify-content: center;\r\n    flex-wrap: wrap;\r\n    border-top: 5px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Bouton de fermeture simul\u00e9 (croix) *\/\r\n.fn-container div[id^=\"ftnt\"]:target a[href^=\"#\"]:before{\r\n    content: \"\u00d7\";\r\n    font-size: 24px;\r\n    width: 24px;\r\n    height: 24px;\r\n    display: inline-flex;\r\n    justify-content: center;\r\n    align-items: center;\r\n    border: 2px solid var(--e-global-color-primary);\r\n    border-radius: 50%;\r\n    background: var(--e-global-color-cfea750);\r\n    color: var(--e-global-color-primary);\r\n    transition: all 0.25s;\r\n    position: absolute;\r\n    top: 24px;\r\n    left: calc((100% - 24px) \/ 2);\r\n    z-index: 9999;\r\n    font-weight: 400;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.fn-container div[id^=\"ftnt\"]:target a[href^=\"#\"]:before:hover {\r\n    border: 2px solid var(--e-global-color-primary);\r\n    background: var(--e-global-color-cfea750);\r\n    color: var(--e-global-color-primary);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Animation sur cible *\/\r\ndiv:target a:before {\r\n    animation: blink 1s 3;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* ==========================================================================\r\n   8. CR\u00c9DITS & HELPERS\r\n   ========================================================================== *\/\r\n.credit-container a {\r\n    color: var(--e-global-color-cfea750);\r\n    transition: 0.2s;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.credit-container a:hover {\r\n    \/*color: var(--e-global-color-d21ad67);*\/\r\n}\r\n\r\n.credit-container p {\r\n    font-size: 0.9em;\r\n    font-weight: 300;\r\n    color: var(--e-global-color-cfea750);\r\n    margin-bottom: 24px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.credit-container h4 {\r\n    font-weight: 400;\r\n    font-size: 1.3em;\r\n    margin: 0;\r\n    min-height: 24px!important;\r\n    width: 100%;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.credit-container a:after{\r\n    content: url('https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/linkedin.svg');\r\n    width: 24px;\r\n    height: 24px;\r\n    margin-left: 12px;\r\n    position: absolute;\r\n    opacity: 0.25;\r\n    transition: 0.2s;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.credit-container a:hover:after{\r\n    opacity: 1;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\r\n.help-container,\r\n.introcution-module {\r\n    position: fixed;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.introduction-loader-container {\r\n    display: none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* --- Accessibilit\u00e9 : Changement de taille de police --- *\/\r\n.change-font-size .chapter-container p,\r\n.change-font-size .chapter-container li,\r\n.change-font-size .chapter-container .bloc p,\r\n.change-font-size .chapter-container p.tech,\r\n.change-font-size .chapter-container p.usecase-start {\r\n    font-size: 1.2rem;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* ==========================================================================\r\n   9. MEDIA QUERIES\r\n   ========================================================================== *\/\r\n\r\n\/* Tablet & Mobile (< 600px) *\/\r\n@media (max-width: 600px) {\r\n    td, th {\r\n        padding: 8px 5px;\r\n        font-size: 0.85em;\r\n    }\r\n    .table-wrapper {\r\n        overflow-x: scroll;\r\n    }\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Mobile (< 500px) *\/\r\n@media (max-width: 500px) {\r\n    \r\n    \/* Active Projects *\/\r\n    .change-font-size a.active-projects {\r\n        font-size: 1.1em;\r\n        text-align: center;\r\n    }\r\n    .change-font-size .active-projects-container > div {\r\n        gap: 8px;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    \/* Chapter Global *\/\r\n    .chapter-container * {\r\n        transition: 0s !important;\r\n    }\r\n    .chapter-container {\r\n        font-size: 0.9em;\r\n    }\r\n    .chapter-container p {\r\n        margin: 0 0 1em 0;\r\n        line-height: 1.5em;\r\n        text-align: justify;\r\n        font-size: 0.85em;\r\n        transition: 0s !important;\r\n    }\r\n    .chapter-container code {\r\n        font-size: 0.7em;\r\n    }\r\n    .chapter-container p.tech {\r\n        margin-left: 0;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    \/* Footnotes Mobile *\/\r\n    \r\n    .fn-container div[id^=\"ftnt\"]:target {\r\n        padding: 24px 24px 64px;\r\n    }\r\n    \r\n    \/* Bouton de fermeture simul\u00e9 (croix) *\/\r\n    .fn-container div[id^=\"ftnt\"]:target a[href^=\"#\"]:before{\r\n        top: initial!important;\r\n        bottom: 24px;\r\n        left: calc((100% - 24px) \/ 2);\r\n    }\r\n    .fn-container div[id^=\"ftnt\"] {\r\n        bottom: initial!important;\r\n        top: 0;\r\n    }\r\n    .fn-container div[id^=\"ftnt\"]:target {\r\n        position: fixed;\r\n        bottom: initial!important;\r\n        top: 0;\r\n        scroll-margin-top: 0px !important;\r\n        border-top: 0px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\r\n        border-bottom: 5px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\r\n    }\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Small Mobile (< 360px) *\/\r\n@media (max-width: 360px) {\r\n    \r\n    .chapter-container p,\r\n    .chapter-container .bloc p,\r\n    .chapter-container p.tech,\r\n    .chapter-container p.usecase-start {\r\n        font-size: 0.95em;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    .chapter-container h2 { font-size: 2em; }\r\n    .chapter-container h3 { font-size: 1.75em; }\r\n    .chapter-container h4 { font-size: 1.5em; }\r\n    .chapter-container h5 { font-size: 1.35em; }\r\n    .chapter-container h6 { font-size: 1.25em; }\r\n\r\n    .chapter-container p.usecase:before {\r\n        left: -14px;\r\n        width: 4px;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    .chapter-container .bloc {\r\n        padding: 16px;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    p, li {\r\n        text-align: left !important;\r\n    }\r\n}\r\n\r\n<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f7ad6e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1f7ad6e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb54afa elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"eb54afa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Related to SDGs <\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fed07c1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fed07c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e03b81 e-con-full odd-container e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e03b81\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9da3235 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9da3235\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/sustainabledevelopment\/sustainable-development-goals\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Sustainable_Development_Goal_10ReducedInequalities.svg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-188\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sustainable_Development_Goal_10ReducedInequalities.svg 150w, https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sustainable_Development_Goal_10ReducedInequalities.svg 300w, https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sustainable_Development_Goal_10ReducedInequalities.svg 768w, https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sustainable_Development_Goal_10ReducedInequalities.svg 1024w, https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sustainable_Development_Goal_10ReducedInequalities.svg 62w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52b056f e-con-full odd-container e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"52b056f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63ce57d elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"63ce57d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/sustainabledevelopment\/sustainable-development-goals\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Sustainable_Development_Goal_17Partnerships.svg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-175\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sustainable_Development_Goal_17Partnerships.svg 150w, https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sustainable_Development_Goal_17Partnerships.svg 300w, https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sustainable_Development_Goal_17Partnerships.svg 768w, https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sustainable_Development_Goal_17Partnerships.svg 1024w, https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sustainable_Development_Goal_17Partnerships.svg 62w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd59f2f float elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"fd59f2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon\" href=\"#ActiveProjects\">\n\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c00d14c e-con-full sticky-nav elementor-hidden-mobile e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c00d14c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;sticky&quot;:&quot;top&quot;,&quot;sticky_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;],&quot;sticky_offset&quot;:0,&quot;sticky_effects_offset&quot;:0,&quot;sticky_anchor_link_offset&quot;:0}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e29efb6 e-con-full report-container e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e29efb6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69e1149 e-con-full progress-bar e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"69e1149\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90549e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-progress-tracker\" data-id=\"90549e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;horizontal&quot;,&quot;relative_to&quot;:&quot;entire_page&quot;,&quot;percentage&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"progress-tracker.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-scrolling-tracker elementor-scrolling-tracker-horizontal elementor-scrolling-tracker-alignment-\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"current-progress\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"current-progress-percentage\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3c7059 e-con-full nav-container e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c3c7059\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab56de8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ab56de8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7405a86 e-con-full my-box e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7405a86\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e86489 e-con-full toggle-box e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3e86489\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4441cc1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4441cc1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5ca859 arrow elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"b5ca859\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96460ec e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"96460ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f25343 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3f25343\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Chapters<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fb44bc e-con-full box-content e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4fb44bc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-420c255 nav-items elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"420c255\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\r\n  <a href=\"#h.jftolt5nqic1\"><p>Introduction<\/p><\/a>\r\n  <a href=\"#h.30j0zll\"><p>Part 1: Why are crypto-assets redefining philanthropy?<\/p><\/a>\r\n  <ul>\r\n  <a href=\"#h.4uarw88yxfu4\"><li>Chapter 1: From the donor's perspective: New motivations, new levers<\/li><\/a>\r\n  <a href=\"#h.50ubjrlsukr1\"><li>Chapter 2: From the solidarity actors' perspective: Strategic and operational impact<\/li><\/a>\r\n  <a href=\"#h.mwlwdb2nx95r\"><li>Chapter 3: From the beneficiary's perspective: direct and inclusive aid<\/li><\/a>\r\n  <\/ul>\r\n  <a href=\"#h.uiecnwbgjbzz\"><p>Part 2: How are crypto-assets deployed for philanthropic purposes?<\/p><\/a>\r\n    <ul>\r\n  <a href=\"#h.k3xrmagc4261\"><li>Chapter 4: Crypto-asset donation mechanisms<\/li><\/a>\r\n  <a href=\"#h.yuxvnf1m0v0n\"><li>Chapter 5: Towards programmable, verifiable, and measurable aid?<\/li><\/a>\r\n  <a href=\"#h.k6zrdd9cqw8v\"><li>Chapter 6: Crypto philanthropy through engagement<\/li><\/a>\r\n  <\/ul>\r\n  <a href=\"#h.j8ztpspsay8z\"><p>Risks, Challenges, and Future Prospects<\/p><\/a>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c016bdc e-con-full my-box e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c016bdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fdd2123 e-con-full toggle-box e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fdd2123\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76d3709 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"76d3709\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb4b1ec arrow elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"eb4b1ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-088b132 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"088b132\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f897963 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f897963\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Credits &amp; infos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45685d6 e-con-full box-content e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"45685d6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-505ec7a nav-items elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"505ec7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\r\n     \r\n \t<a href=\"#iaGraphie\">\r\n \t    <li>\r\n \t        AIGraph\r\n \t    <\/li>\r\n    <\/a>\r\n \t<a href=\"#Credit\">\r\n \t    <li>Authors & Credits\r\n \t    <\/li>\r\n     <\/a>\r\n \t\r\n \t<a href=\"#ArchCollab\">\r\n \t    <li>\r\nCollaborative docs & Archives\r\n \t    <\/li>\r\n     <\/a>\r\n \r\n \t<a href=\"#Licence\">\r\n \t    <li>\r\n \t        Licence & Disclaimer\r\n        <\/li>\r\n    <\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07c6cef e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"07c6cef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1290326 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1290326\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8dd99b elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"a8dd99b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icbfg- ic-bfg-download\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d09db2f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d09db2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/?sdm_process_download=1&#038;download_id=4991\">.pdf version<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fb1cab e-con-full font-toggle elementor-hidden-mobile e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8fb1cab\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f5365a zoom-in elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"3f5365a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icbfg- ic-bfg-increase-size-font\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-098fad7 zoom-out elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"098fad7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icbfg- ic-bfg-decrease-font-size\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61d2b10 e-con-full help-toggle elementor-hidden-mobile e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"61d2b10\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0615851 elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"0615851\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icbfg- ic-bfg-Help\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de6b0e6 introduction-container chapter-container e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"de6b0e6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8461fc1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8461fc1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7506433 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"7506433\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2162\" class=\"elementor elementor-2162\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor-hf\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41d4698 e-con-full report-introduction e-flex elementor-invisible e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"41d4698\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"Introduction\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1256a17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"1256a17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"focus\">L\u2019Association \u00ab Blockchain for Good \u00bb \u00a0publie des analyses ind\u00e9pendantes et les opinions exprim\u00e9es dans ce rapport n\u2019engagent que leurs auteurs et aucunement nos partenaires, la Chaire \u00ab Blockchain &amp; Platform \u00bb \u00a0de l\u2019Ecole Polytechnique, cr\u00e9\u00e9 avec le soutien de Capgemini, NomadicLabs et la Caisse des d\u00e9p\u00f4ts et des Consignations, la Banque Publique d\u2019Investissement (Bpifrance), le Groupe Caisse des d\u00e9p\u00f4ts et la Credit Agricole Corporate Investment Bank.<\/p>\r\n<p>La\u00a0blockchain, \u00e7a n\u2019existe pas . Pourquoi ? Tout simplement parce qu\u2019il y a plusieurs types de blockchains, parmi lesquels, pour largement sch\u00e9matiser, les blockchains publiques et les blockchains priv\u00e9es. Or, lorsque l\u2019on parle de \u00ab la \u00bb \u00a0blockchain, comment savoir de laquelle il s\u2019agit, alors qu\u2019elles sont intrins\u00e8quement diff\u00e9rentes ? La premi\u00e8re blockchain publique s\u2019appelle Bitcoin et a \u00e9t\u00e9 conceptualis\u00e9e entre 2007 et 2008, puis mise en \u0153uvre en janvier 2009 par une personne ou un groupe de personnes r\u00e9pondant au nom de Satoshi Nakamoto, disparu(e.s) depuis d\u00e9cembre 2010. Une autre blockchain publique notable s\u2019appelle Ethereum et a \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e en juillet 2015. Depuis, pr\u00e8s de 20 000 blockchains publiques, dont la plupart n\u2019ont probablement aucune utilit\u00e9, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9es et sont r\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9es sur le site d\u2019information coinmarketcap.com.<\/p>\r\n<p>Le concept fondamental associ\u00e9 au mot \u201cblockchain\u201d est la d\u00e9centralisation.<\/p>\r\n<p>Une blockchain publique ou commune est un grand livre num\u00e9rique d\u00e9centralis\u00e9 et s\u00e9curis\u00e9 auquel quiconque peut participer, pour \u00e9crire, effectuer des transactions, les lire, les v\u00e9rifier ou encore les s\u00e9curiser, le tout sans interm\u00e9diaire central . Quant aux blockchains priv\u00e9es, il s\u2019agit, pour l\u2019entreprise ou le groupe d\u2019acteurs qui en a le contr\u00f4le et la gouvernance, de plus ou moins optimiser des processus, parfois d\u00e9j\u00e0 existants, souvent organis\u00e9s en silos, et dont la principale probl\u00e9matique est d\u2019en assurer le registre, afin de r\u00e9soudre l\u2019inefficience de la circulation des informations dans de telles organisations pyramidales.<\/p>\r\n<p>Lorsque l\u2019on parle de la blockchain alors que l\u2019on se r\u00e9f\u00e8re \u00e0 Bitcoin ou Ethereum et leurs d\u00e9riv\u00e9s , il s\u2019agit de blockchains publiques ou communes, qui reposent sur la combinaison de plusieurs technologies dont certaines leur sont pr\u00e9existantes : \u00ab les protocoles de r\u00e9seau pair-\u00e0-pair \u00bb, des \u00ab techniques de cryptographie \u00bb et, innovation fondamentale apport\u00e9e par Bitcoin, le \u00ab m\u00e9canisme de consensus par la preuve de travail \u00bb . La savante combinaison de ces trois technologies aboutit \u00e0 un registre distribu\u00e9, \u00e0 une cha\u00eene de blocs de transactions reli\u00e9es entre elles depuis la premi\u00e8re, et que l\u2019on appelle \u00ab blockchain \u00bb \u00a0dans le langage courant. Mais, comme l\u2019explique Alexandre Stachtchenko, pr\u00e9sident de l\u2019Association pour le D\u00e9veloppement des Actifs Num\u00e9riques (ADAN), \u00ab l\u2019innovation majeure de Bitcoin, c\u2019est le consensus sans interm\u00e9diaire dans un r\u00e9seau informatique permettant de g\u00e9rer et de transf\u00e9rer de la valeur en ligne \u00bb .<\/p>\r\n<p>Ce consensus sans interm\u00e9diaire, propre aux blockchains publiques, permet d\u2019op\u00e9rer un syst\u00e8me de monnaie \u00e9lectronique pair-\u00e0-pair, ouvert \u00e0 tous, sans autorisation pr\u00e9alable ni censure. Quiconque est libre d\u2019utiliser ou non le service op\u00e9r\u00e9 par la blockchain publique, qui sert, dans le cas de Bitcoin, \u00e0 recevoir, d\u00e9tenir ou envoyer une monnaie \u00e9lectronique pair-\u00e0-pair, des bitcoins, partout dans le monde. Ce qui fait dire \u00e0 Yorick de Mombynes, conseiller r\u00e9f\u00e9rendaire \u00e0 la Cour des comptes, que \u00ab Bitcoin est un dispositif ac\u00e9phale, d\u00e9centralis\u00e9, ouvert. Nul n\u2019a de pouvoir sur lui. Il n\u2019a ni leader ni gestionnaire. Il appartient \u00e0 tous et \u00e0 personne. Ces caract\u00e9ristiques forment un ensemble exceptionnellement novateur, aux antipodes des syst\u00e8mes fond\u00e9s sur la hi\u00e9rarchie, (...), le monopole l\u00e9gal et le centralisme <sup> [1] <\/sup> \u00a0\u00bb .<\/p>\r\n<p>Alors que la diversit\u00e9 des usages n\u2019a de limite que l\u2019imagination de leurs concepteurs, les blockchains servent aujourd\u2019hui quatre grands types d\u2019usage : (1) \u00e9changer des actifs num\u00e9riques en pair-\u00e0-pair, (2) s\u2019identifier de mani\u00e8re d\u00e9centralis\u00e9e, voire de mani\u00e8re anonyme, (3) tenir un registre infalsifiable de donn\u00e9es, ou encore (4) programmer des actifs num\u00e9riques, chacun pouvant \u00eatre combin\u00e9s avec les autres.<\/p>\r\n<p>\u00c9changer des actifs num\u00e9riques en pair-\u00e0-pair, cela veut dire \u00e9changer de l\u2019argent num\u00e9rique de la main \u00e0 la main, \u00e0 l\u2019instar de l\u2019argent liquide. Alors que pour certains, Bitcoin et les crypto-monnaies stables* n\u2019ont pas d\u2019utilit\u00e9, d\u2019autres y voient au contraire un formidable outil d\u2019\u00e9mancipation mon\u00e9taire, notamment pour des dizaines de millions de personnes vivant sous des r\u00e9gimes autoritaires ou des \u00e9conomies instables. <img decoding=\"async\" title=\"\" src=\"images\/image2.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\r\n<p>C\u2019est notamment le cas des vingt et un d\u00e9fenseurs des droits de l'homme, originaires d\u2019une vingtaine de pays dans le monde, ayant r\u00e9cemment adress\u00e9 une lettre au Congr\u00e8s am\u00e9ricain, et pour qui \u00ab les utilisateurs du dollar et de l'euro n'ont probablement pas connu la d\u00e9valuation extr\u00eame de leur monnaie ou l'emprise froide d'une dictature. Pour la plupart des Occidentaux, les horreurs du colonialisme mon\u00e9taire, la politique financi\u00e8re misogyne, les comptes bancaires gel\u00e9s, les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s de transfert de fonds qui exploitent les migrants et l'incapacit\u00e9 \u00e0 se connecter \u00e0 l'\u00e9conomie mondiale sont peut-\u00eatre des id\u00e9es lointaines. Pour la plupart d'entre nous et nos communaut\u00e9s - et pour la majorit\u00e9 des gens dans le monde - ce sont des r\u00e9alit\u00e9s quotidiennes. S'il existait des \"solutions bien meilleures d\u00e9j\u00e0 utilis\u00e9es\" pour surmonter ces d\u00e9fis, nous le saurions <sup> [2] <\/sup> \u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\r\n<p>Envoyer et recevoir de l\u2019argent sans interm\u00e9diaire, quasiment sans frais, et sans aucune contrainte g\u00e9ographique. Se prot\u00e9ger de la d\u00e9valuation de sa monnaie. Commercer avec l\u2019\u00e9tranger, sans restriction bancaire. Selon l\u2019indice mondial d'adoption des crypto-monnaies 2021, \u00e9dit\u00e9 par Chainanalysis, il s\u2019av\u00e8re que le plus fort taux d\u2019adoption des crypto-monnaies concerne les personnes qui n\u2019ont pas acc\u00e8s aux banques ou dont les banques imposent des restrictions, comme au Nig\u00e9ria par exemple, qui interdit \u00e0 ses ressortissants de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 des virements vers l\u2019\u00e9tranger de plus de 500 $. Ainsi, \u00ab de nombreux march\u00e9s \u00e9mergents sont confront\u00e9s \u00e0 une importante d\u00e9valuation de leur monnaie, ce qui pousse les r\u00e9sidents \u00e0 acheter des crypto-monnaies sur des plateformes P2P afin de pr\u00e9server leurs \u00e9conomies <sup> [3] <\/sup> \u00a0\u00bb \u00a0poursuit le rapport The 2021 Geography of Cryptocurrency Report <sup> [4] <\/sup> \u00a0publi\u00e9 par Chainanalysis. Recourir \u00e0 une crypto-monnaie stable (stable-coin*), un crypto-actif \u00e0 parit\u00e9 fixe avec une monnaie fiduciaire, par exemple le dollar, permet ainsi \u00e0 des personnes de convertir leur salaire ou leurs \u00e9conomies dans une monnaie plus stable, et de se pr\u00e9munir ainsi contre la d\u00e9valuation de leur propre monnaie. Une r\u00e9alit\u00e9 quotidienne pour les habitants de pays comme le Nigeria, la Turquie, le Liban ou encore l'Argentine , dont les monnaies s'effondrent. Certaines crypto-monnaies stables, comme celle propos\u00e9e par Agrotoken en Argentine, sont m\u00eame adoss\u00e9es \u00e0 des actifs r\u00e9els comme la tonne de soja, de sorte \u00e0 prot\u00e9ger les agriculteurs contre l\u2019inflation.<\/p>\r\n<p>S\u2019identifier de mani\u00e8re d\u00e9centralis\u00e9e, voire de mani\u00e8re anonyme, c\u2019est pouvoir b\u00e9n\u00e9ficier d\u2019un syst\u00e8me d\u2019identit\u00e9 respectueux de la vie priv\u00e9e. Et surtout de r\u00e9soudre la contradiction selon laquelle certains pays, caract\u00e9ris\u00e9s par une d\u00e9faillance des institutions n\u2019arrivent pas fournir \u00e0 leurs ressortissants un moyen de prouver leur identit\u00e9 et de l\u2019autre, dans les pays d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s, les individus b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient d\u2019un anonymat tr\u00e8s relatif, que ce soit pour des raisons commerciales et financi\u00e8res, ou encore politiques et s\u00e9curitaires. Alors que la population mondiale compte 7,9 milliards d'individus, un milliard de personnes <sup> [5] <\/sup> \u00a0ne peuvent pas prouver leur identit\u00e9, ce qui est d\u00e9terminant, pour au moins dix des Objectifs de d\u00e9veloppement durable selon la Banque Mondiale <sup> [6] <\/sup> . L\u2019apport des blockchains dans le domaine de l\u2019identit\u00e9 num\u00e9rique est de passer d\u2019un mod\u00e8le centralis\u00e9 o\u00f9 l\u2019utilisateur cr\u00e9e un identifiant\/mot de passe et diss\u00e9mine ses informations personnelles aupr\u00e8s de chaque service avec lequel il interagit, \u00e0 un mod\u00e8le d\u00e9centralis\u00e9, o\u00f9 l\u2019utilisateur reste ma\u00eetre de ses donn\u00e9es personnelles.<\/p>\r\n<p>Tenir un registre infalsifiable de donn\u00e9es, c\u2019est l\u2019opportunit\u00e9 de repenser le caract\u00e8re centralis\u00e9 de n\u2019importe quel registre officiel, que ce soit le cadastre \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle d\u2019un pays, un registre de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 fonci\u00e8re, un registre de dipl\u00f4mes, mais aussi le registre d\u2019une cha\u00eene de tra\u00e7abilit\u00e9 faisant intervenir une multitude d\u2019acteurs et dont les interactions deviennent ainsi plus ou moins transparentes.<\/p>\r\n<p>Programmer des actifs num\u00e9riques, cela veut dire mettre en \u0153uvre des contrats informatiques, inarr\u00eatables, incensurables et distribu\u00e9s sur tous les noeuds d\u2019une blockchain publiques appel\u00e9s \u00ab smart contracts* \u00bb \u00a0ou \u00ab contrats autonomes* \u00bb . Ils permettent d\u2019effectuer des transactions plus complexes, par exemple, si un produit est livr\u00e9, alors le paiement est enclench\u00e9 automatiquement. S\u2019il neige pendant dix jours, un contrat d\u2019assurance param\u00e9trique envoie automatiquement une indemnit\u00e9 aux agriculteurs l\u2019ayant souscrite. Une \u00e9nergie renouvelable produite localement peut \u00eatre trac\u00e9e avec un token* et revendue en pair \u00e0 pair via un contrat autonome. Le contrat autonome permet d\u2019ex\u00e9cuter des clauses pr\u00e9alablement \u00e9tablies de mani\u00e8re automatique : si le produit n\u2019est pas livr\u00e9, le paiement n\u2019a pas lieu et d\u00e8s que le produit est livr\u00e9, le paiement a lieu automatiquement. Si un agriculteur est assur\u00e9 contre les temp\u00eates et que l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement m\u00e9t\u00e9orologique se produit, le paiement de son assurance est automatique, tout comme la mani\u00e8re de s\u2019assurer, de mani\u00e8re d\u00e9centralis\u00e9e, que l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement m\u00e9t\u00e9orologique s\u2019est bien pass\u00e9. Lorsqu\u2019une personne participe \u00e0 un dispositif d\u2019auto-consommation collective d\u2019\u00e9nergie, il revend automatiquement le surplus d\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 qu\u2019il produit ou ach\u00e8te automatiquement ce dont il a besoin.<\/p>\r\n<p>\u00a0Parce qu\u2019il n\u2019y a pas d\u2019organe central, on dit des blockchains publiques sans permission qu\u2019elles permettent de distribuer la confiance \u00e0 travers un r\u00e9seau, ou encore, qu\u2019elles sont une \u00ab technologie du consensus <sup> [7] <\/sup> \u00a0\u00bb. Elles permettent \u00e0 ses utilisateurs d\u2019op\u00e9rer des transactions plus ou moins complexes et de se faire confiance sans se conna\u00eetre. \u00a0Ces technologies sont au c\u0153ur d\u2019un changement de paradigme qui oppose les tenants d\u2019un ancien monde, en pleine mutation, et les tenants d\u2019un nouveau monde, encore en construction, comme l\u2019expliquait David Pucheu, chercheur \u00e0 l'Universit\u00e9 Bordeaux Montaigne, lors de la conf\u00e9rence \u00ab Blockchain, imaginaires religieux et th\u00e9ologie \u00bb organis\u00e9e au Coll\u00e8ge des Bernardins le 17 mars 2021, \u00ab le New Edge, prolongation du New Age des ann\u00e9es 1970, oppose \u00e0 l\u2019ancien monde, centralis\u00e9, coercitif et hi\u00e9rarchis\u00e9, un nouveau monde, d\u00e9centralis\u00e9, auto-organis\u00e9 et horizontal, inscrit dans une dynamique \u00e9volutionniste (mais par des moyens techniques et non \"occultes\") <sup> [8] <\/sup> \u00a0\u00bb .<\/p>\r\n<p>Mais comme un moyen technique ne d\u00e9pend que de l\u2019usage qui en est fait, les blockchains peuvent servir au meilleur comme au pire : \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9mergence d\u2019un syst\u00e8me mon\u00e9taire alternatif et universel, tout comme \u00e0 la mise en oeuvre d\u2019un eYuan (le eCNY) <sup> [9] <\/sup> , incroyable instrument de surveillance mon\u00e9taire d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 par P\u00e9kin.<\/p>\r\n<p>En moins de quinze ans, d\u2019innombrables projets dits blockchains ont ainsi \u00e9t\u00e9 lanc\u00e9s, test\u00e9s, exp\u00e9riment\u00e9s par des organisations de tout type et dans des domaines extr\u00eamement vari\u00e9s. Alors que la technologie ne cesse de s\u2019am\u00e9liorer, qu\u2019elle attire de plus en plus de d\u00e9veloppeurs informatiques et d\u2019utilisateurs et parce que les premi\u00e8res innovations deviennent matures, le temps semble venu, pour bon nombre d\u2019observateurs, d\u2019interroger son utilit\u00e9 soci\u00e9tale et d\u2019identifier les domaines dans lesquelles elles apportent une plus-value pour ceux qui s\u2019en servent, la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 et les objectifs communs notamment port\u00e9s par la communaut\u00e9 internationale.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Blockchain for good<\/h2>\r\n<p>D\u00e8s 2013, des projets \u00ab blockchains \u00bb \u00a0estampill\u00e9s \u00ab for good \u00bb \u00a0sont lanc\u00e9s par des associations \u00e0 but non lucratif comme BitGive, ou \u00e9labor\u00e9s au sein d\u2019Organisations non gouvernementales et d\u2019Organisations internationales dont les missions sont par nature align\u00e9es avec les Objectifs de d\u00e9veloppement durable.<\/p>\r\n<p>En 2015, l\u2019UNICEF conduit une premi\u00e8re exp\u00e9rience sur la blockchain Bitcoin pour tester un \u00ab syst\u00e8me d\u2019identit\u00e9 immuable \u00bb \u00a0et explique ainsi que \u00ab si nous pouvions prendre la photo d'une personne, la relier \u00e0 ses informations personnelles (date de naissance, nom, etc.), coder ces \u00e9l\u00e9ments et publier un lien cryptographiquement s\u00e9curis\u00e9 vers les informations cod\u00e9es sur la blockchain, ce lien, parce qu'il se trouverait sur un r\u00e9seau public et sans autorisation, durerait \"pour toujours\" et constituerait une identit\u00e9 immuable \u00bb . En 2016, l\u2019UNICEF monte un fond de capital-risque pour accompagner de jeunes entreprises technologiques sur des march\u00e9s \u00e9mergents <sup> [10] <\/sup> .<\/p>\r\n<p>En novembre 2018, ce fonds compte 72 investissements dans les domaines des data science et de l\u2019intelligence artificielle, des blockchains et de l\u2019Extended Reality, dont 33 dans des startups bas\u00e9es dans des pays o\u00f9 l\u2019UNICEF est active <sup> [11] <\/sup> . Une dizaine d\u2019autres agences des Nations Unies ont initi\u00e9, \u00e0 partir de 2017, un certain nombre de projets blockchains men\u00e9s individuellement ou collectivement, dans des domaines aussi vari\u00e9s que les cha\u00eenes d'approvisionnement, le paiement et le transfert d\u2019argent en monnaie num\u00e9rique, le tra\u00e7age du b\u00e9tail, l\u2019identit\u00e9 num\u00e9rique ou encore l\u2019enregistrement des terres. <img decoding=\"async\" title=\"\" src=\"images\/image4.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\r\n<p>Un rapport de la Joint Inspection Unit des Nations Unies qualifie ces initiatives, en 2020, \u00ab d\u2019opportunit\u00e9s sans pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent de collaboration inter-agences <sup> [13] <\/sup> \u00a0\u00bb \u00a0tout en mesurant l\u2019\u00e9tendue des travaux \u00e0 mener pour mettre en \u0153uvre une feuille de route transversale \u00e0 ces derni\u00e8res. Pour Thomas Davin, Directeur du Bureau de l\u2019innovation \u00e0 l\u2019UNICEF, \u00ab nous n\u2019avons vu aucune autre \u00e9volution technologique avec une croissance aussi forte au cours des derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es \u2013 ou plus de potentiel pour r\u00e9soudre tous les probl\u00e8mes imaginables \u2013 que celle de Bitcoin, d\u2019Ethereum et d\u2019autres applications de la technologie blockchain <sup> [14] <\/sup> \u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\r\n<p>Pourtant, \u00ab peu de pays se montrent favorables \u00e0 l\u2019adoption des blockchains et des crypto -monnaies dans leurs syst\u00e8mes <sup> [15] <\/sup> \u00a0\u00bb explique Okonjo Iweala, directrice g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de l\u2019Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC), probablement parce que cela rendrait transparent des processus que les b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaires actuels pr\u00e9f\u00e8rent garder opaques. Et si des initiatives blockchains pourraient \u00eatre utilis\u00e9es pour \u00ab r\u00e9duire la pauvret\u00e9, renforcer l'autonomie des femmes et leur permettre d'acc\u00e9der facilement aux march\u00e9s financiers \u00bb, ajoute Okonjo Iweala, le probl\u00e8me est, qu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019heure actuelle, \u00ab nous sommes encore loin de concr\u00e9tiser cette vision <sup> [16] <\/sup> \u00a0\u00bb .<\/p>\r\n<h2>L\u2019objet de ce rapport<\/h2>\r\n<p>Notre interrogation de d\u00e9part, pos\u00e9e dans le rapport que nous avons publi\u00e9 en juin 2020 <sup> [17] <\/sup> \u00a0reste pour le moins inchang\u00e9e : \u00ab En quoi des initiatives s\u2019appuyant sur des blockchains, publiques ou priv\u00e9es, participent-elles \u00e0 la r\u00e9alisation des Objectifs de d\u00e9veloppement durable ? Quelles blockchains, quels objectifs de d\u00e9veloppement durable ? Dans quel but et comment ? Quels projets d\u00e9centralis\u00e9s fonctionnent ? Dans quels domaines et selon quelle gouvernance ? \u00bb.<\/p>\r\n<p>Or en quatre ans, le paysage des cryptomonnaies a profond\u00e9ment \u00e9volu\u00e9<\/p>\r\n<p>Les difficult\u00e9s \u00e0 r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 ces questions tiennent tout autant \u00e0 l\u2019immaturit\u00e9 de nombreux projets blockchains qu\u2019\u00e0 la transversalit\u00e9 des Objectifs de d\u00e9veloppement durable qui sont tous \u00e9troitement li\u00e9s, \u00ab le succ\u00e8s de l\u2019un d\u00e9pendant souvent de la r\u00e9solution de probl\u00e9matiques g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement associ\u00e9es \u00e0 un autre objectif <sup> [18] <\/sup> \u00a0\u00bb. \u00a0<\/p>\r\n<p>Comme il est impossible de g\u00e9n\u00e9raliser un discours sur une classe de technologies aussi vaste que les blockchains, et surtout parce que les blockchains sont tout sauf une fin en soi, nous nous sommes attach\u00e9s \u00e0 identifier et analyser un certain nombre de projets et initiatives blockchains dont l\u2019activit\u00e9 s\u2019inscrit dans la poursuite d\u2019un ou plusieurs Objectifs de d\u00e9veloppement durable.<\/p>\r\n<p>Ce rapport s\u2019appuie sur un important travail de collecte de donn\u00e9es, men\u00e9 s\u00e9par\u00e9ment depuis 2018 par l\u2019association Positive Blockchain et l\u2019association Blockchain for Good, puis conjointement depuis le d\u00e9but de l\u2019ann\u00e9e 2021. Disponible en open data, cet annuaire de 1273 initiatives blockchains, dont 692 sont actives en juin 2022, constitue le mat\u00e9riau \u00e0 partir duquel ce rapport est r\u00e9dig\u00e9. <img decoding=\"async\" title=\"\" src=\"images\/image3.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\r\n<h2>M\u00e9thodologie<\/h2>\r\n<h3>L\u2019annuaire<\/h3>\r\n<p>Les associations fran\u00e7aises Blockchain for Good \u00a0et Positiveblockchain \u00a0ont proc\u00e9d\u00e9, chacune de leur c\u00f4t\u00e9, \u00e0 une premi\u00e8re collecte de donn\u00e9es en 2018. Il s\u2019agissait de r\u00e9f\u00e9rencer les projets blockchains se rapportant \u00e0 la poursuite d\u2019un ou plusieurs Objectifs de d\u00e9veloppement durable. En 2020, les deux associations se sont associ\u00e9es pour cr\u00e9er \u00ab l\u2019open-database of blockchain for good projects \u00bb \u00a0accessible sur positiveblockchain.io.<\/p>\r\n<p>Une importante mise \u00e0 jour a \u00e9t\u00e9 effectu\u00e9e de f\u00e9vrier \u00e0 juin 2022 par Lucas Zaehringer, Ronald Steyer, Flavio Santalucia et Susanne K\u00f6hler et toute l\u2019\u00e9quipe de PositiveBlockchain, Carlotta Cochis, Pr. Dr. Paula Ungureanu et toute l\u2019\u00e9quipe de recherche et d\u2019assistants de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Mod\u00e8ne, Taira Ishikura et Serena Tan de l\u2019Ethereum Foundation, Pierre Champsavoir et Jacques-Andr\u00e9 Fines Schlumberger de Blockchain for Good, Junie Maffock de Blockchain for Africa, Chinedu Onyeaso et Benjamin Onuoha \u00a0de l\u2019Africa Blockchain Alliance, Peter Johnson de Ayadee Foundation, Daniel Kimotho de Clabs, Roxana Dumitrescu, Master student, et des contributions ext\u00e9rieures de l\u2019Africa Blockchain Alliance &amp; consortium partners et de l\u2019Unicef Innovation Fund.<\/p>\r\n<p>Ce travail de collecte d\u2019information, effectu\u00e9 tout au long de l\u2019ann\u00e9e par un important r\u00e9seau de contributeurs, permet, deux fois par an, de mettre \u00e0 jour les donn\u00e9es de l\u2019annuaire. De plus, une fois par an, tous les projets actifs de l\u2019annuaire sont revus un \u00e0 un afin d\u2019identifier les projets qui ont cess\u00e9 leur activit\u00e9 et ceux qui perdurent.<\/p>\r\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<p>Cet annuaire n\u2019est pas exhaustif mais aspire \u00e0 \u00eatre suffisamment complet pour donner un aper\u00e7u des tendances \u00e0 l'\u0153uvre dans le domaine des projets \u00e0 impact construits sur des blockchains publiques.<\/p>\r\n<h3>Quels sont les secteurs d\u2019activit\u00e9 ?<\/h3>\r\n<p>Les projets et initiatives blockchains identifi\u00e9s par le r\u00e9seau de contributeurs sont class\u00e9s dans l\u2019annuaire par secteur d\u2019activit\u00e9, que nous avons pr\u00e9alablement r\u00e9parti en quatorze cat\u00e9gories cl\u00e9s et 68 sous-cat\u00e9gories, et dont les intitul\u00e9s et hi\u00e9rarchies ont \u00e9t\u00e9 discut\u00e9es en ligne en \u00a0mars 2021 \u00a0et \u00a0mai 2021 \u00a0sur deux documents collaboratifs, ouverts \u00e0 la discussion avec PositiveBlockchain.io et blockchainforgood.fr. Tous les projets sont r\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9s dans les 14 cat\u00e9gories suivantes :<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Agriculture et alimentation<\/li>\r\n<li>Aide et philanthropie<\/li>\r\n<li>Climat et environnement<\/li>\r\n<li>Contenu num\u00e9rique et arts<\/li>\r\n<li>\u00c9ducation et emploi<\/li>\r\n<li>\u00c9nergie<\/li>\r\n<li>Finances et assurances<\/li>\r\n<li>Gouvernement et d\u00e9mocratie<\/li>\r\n<li>Sant\u00e9<\/li>\r\n<li>Identit\u00e9 et propri\u00e9t\u00e9<\/li>\r\n<li>Internet et t\u00e9l\u00e9communications<\/li>\r\n<li>Logistique et tra\u00e7abilit\u00e9<\/li>\r\n<li>Produits et consommation<\/li>\r\n<li>Transport et infrastructure<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Notre parti-pris a \u00e9t\u00e9 de rendre l\u2019annuaire en ligne simple d\u2019utilisation, afin qu\u2019il puisse \u00eatre compris, explor\u00e9 et se faire facilement r\u00e9approprier par un large public.<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a7d12f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1a7d12f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0645d2c e-con-full active-projects e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0645d2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"ActiveProjects\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac37e36 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ac37e36\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">47 Active Blockchain Projects<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11f4017 active-projects-container elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"11f4017\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/www.unicefventurefund.org\/story\/agua-revolutionizing-global-collaboration-funding-transparency-growth-graduate-atix-labs' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >AGUA (by Atix Labs)<\/a>\r\n<a href='https:\/\/www.artblocks.io\/' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >Art Blocks<\/a>\r\n<a href='https:\/\/art4care.msf.ch\/' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >Art4Care (MSF)<\/a>\r\n<a href='https:\/\/dao.biggreen.org\/' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >Big Green DAO<\/a>\r\n<a href='https:\/\/bitcoin.org\/fr\/' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >Bitcoin<\/a>\r\n<a href='https:\/\/www.bitcoinbeach.com\/' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >Bitcoin Beach<\/a>\r\n<a href='https:\/\/nft.christies.com\/' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >Christie's 3.0<\/a>\r\n<a href='https:\/\/coalapay.org\/' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >Coala Pay<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href='https:\/\/colony.io' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >Colony<\/a>\r\n<a href='https:\/\/chats.cash\/' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >CHATS<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href='https:\/\/www.donate.gg\/' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >Donate.gg<\/a>\r\n<a href='https:\/\/linktr.ee\/esolidar' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >e Solidar \/ Web3<\/a>\r\n<a href='www.endaoment.org' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >Endaoment<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href='https:\/\/www.every.org\/' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >Every.org<\/a>\r\n<a href='http:\/\/www.giveth.io' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >Giveth<\/a>\r\n<a href='https:\/\/www.givetrack.org\/' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >GiveTrack<\/a>\r\n<a href='https:\/\/www.giveus.io\/' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >Giveus<\/a>\r\n<a href='https:\/\/www.glodollar.org\/' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >Glo Dollar<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href='https:\/\/www.goodwall.io\/' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >GoodWall<\/a>\r\n<a href='https:\/\/grantix.com\/' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >GrantiX<\/a>\r\n<a href='https:\/\/hypercerts.org\/' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >Hypercert<\/a>\r\n<a href='https:\/\/www.impactmarket.com\/' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >ImpactMarket<\/a>\r\n\r\n<a href='https:\/\/bebop.kiveclair.com\/' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >Kiveclair<\/a>\r\n<a href='https:\/\/impactstake.com\/' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >Lido Impact Staking<\/a>\r\n<a href='https:\/\/pesabase.com\/' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >Pesabase<\/a>\r\n<a href='https:\/\/phease.com\/' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >Phease<\/a>\r\n<a href='https:\/\/getstarted.with.pink\/' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >Pinkcoin<\/a>\r\n<a href='https:\/\/www.sandbox.game\/en\/events\/french-red-cross-2024\/' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >Play-to-Give<\/a>\r\n<a href='https:\/\/potlock.org' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >PotLock<\/a>\r\n<a href='https:\/\/purposeforprofit.com\/' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >Purpose for Profit<\/a>\r\n<a href='https:\/\/reddcoin.com\/#home' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >REDD-Chain<\/a>\r\n<a href='https:\/\/reskue.art' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >Reskue<\/a>\r\n<a href='https:\/\/retreeb.io\/index.html' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >Retreeb<\/a>\r\n<a href='https:\/\/rumsan.com\/' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >Rumsan<\/a>\r\n<a href='https:\/\/mint.savepakistan.org' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >Save Pakistan NFT<\/a>\r\n<a href='https:\/\/fr.savimbo.com\/' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >Savimbo<\/a>\r\n<a href='https:\/\/stake2care.msf.ch\/' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >Stake2Care (MSF)<\/a>\r\n<a href='https:\/\/stellar.org\/use-cases\/stellar-for-aid' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >Stellar Aid Assist<\/a>\r\n<a href='https:\/\/supamoto.emerging.eco\/' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >SupaMoto<\/a>\r\n<a href='https:\/\/teddydao.org\/' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >Teddy DAO<\/a>\r\n<a href='https:\/\/telagacharity.com\/#white-section-1' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >Telaga Charity<\/a>\r\n<a href='https:\/\/thegivehub.com\/en\/index.html' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >The Give Hub<\/a>\r\n<a href='https:\/\/thegivingblock.com\/' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >The Giving Block<\/a>\r\n<a href='https:\/\/theimpactwave.io\/' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >The Impact Wave<\/a>\r\n<a href='https:\/\/ourrevolution.wtf\/vrbs\/grants' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >Vrbs Grants<\/a>\r\n<a href='https:\/\/wildmeta.earth\/' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >Wild Meta Earth<\/a>\r\n<a href='https:\/\/www.worldofwomen.xyz\/' target='_blank' class='active-projects ' >World of Women (WoW)<\/a>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c30748f elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"c30748f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"http:\/\/bonjour@blockchainforgood.fr\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-far-envelope\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M464 64H48C21.49 64 0 85.49 0 112v288c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h416c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V112c0-26.51-21.49-48-48-48zm0 48v40.805c-22.422 18.259-58.168 46.651-134.587 106.49-16.841 13.247-50.201 45.072-73.413 44.701-23.208.375-56.579-31.459-73.413-44.701C106.18 199.465 70.425 171.067 48 152.805V112h416zM48 400V214.398c22.914 18.251 55.409 43.862 104.938 82.646 21.857 17.205 60.134 55.186 103.062 54.955 42.717.231 80.509-37.199 103.053-54.947 49.528-38.783 82.032-64.401 104.947-82.653V400H48z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">you have or know of a project that is not listed in this directory? Send us an email.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a34e68e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a34e68e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"ReportIntro\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5fca58 elementor-widget__width-inherit introduction-content elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5fca58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Why are crypto-assets reshaping the codes of philanthropy? Who are the crypto-donors, what are their core motivations, and how do they operate? For actors in the solidarity sector, what are the impacts \u2014both from an operational and strategic perspective? And, of course, what are the stakes and benefits for the beneficiaries of this aid? <br \/>With this in mind, how are these assets concretely deployed? Beyond the technical mechanisms of giving, what defines these new forms of aid that are now programmable, verifiable, and measurable?<\/p><p>These are just some of the questions addressed in this report.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d032b5 chapter-container e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9d032b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"#theReport\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77fcde2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"77fcde2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span> <\/span>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7204047 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"7204047\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"h.jftolt5nqic1\">Introduction<\/h2>\r\n<p>This report examines the convergence of the development aid, philanthropic aid, and donation sectors with Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs), also known as blockchains, crypto-assets, cryptocurrencies, or simply \"crypto.\" This subject of study is referred to as crypto-philanthropy: the application of crypto-assets, in all their forms, for solidarity purposes. The following section provides contextual background.<\/p>\r\n<p>Official Development Assistance (ODA), intended to \"promote economic development and welfare<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt1\" id=\"ftnt_ref1\">[1]<\/a><\/span>,\" remains the primary official instrument mobilized by the international community to support countries in the Global South, even though it represents only a fraction of global financial flows. This planned aid\u2014which includes project aid, program aid, and technical cooperation\u2014is a model that originated after the Second World War and was structured as early as the 1960s.<\/p>\r\n<p>To qualify as Official Development Assistance, aid must meet four strict criteria defined by the OECD's Development Assistance Committee (DAC). It must be provided by official agencies; it must be destined for countries included on a specific list of beneficiaries; its main objective must be the promotion of economic development and welfare; and finally, the aid must be concessional. This means it must be provided in the form of grants, or loans where the \"grant element\" is at least 25%<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt2\" id=\"ftnt_ref2\">[2]<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<p>In financial terms, Official Development Assistance provided by members of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) reached $161.2 billion in 2020 and $224 billion in 2023, including $66 billion from the United States, the leading donor<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt3\" id=\"ftnt_ref3\">[3]<\/a><\/span>. It should be noted that emergency humanitarian aid constitutes one of the specific modalities of Official Development Assistance, amounting to $25.9 billion in 2023.<\/p>\r\n<p>To be precise, we must also mention aid granted by states outside the Development Assistance Committee (DAC)\u2014notably China, India, Brazil, Turkey, and the Gulf countries, among others\u2014who represent increasingly significant donors<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt4\" id=\"ftnt_ref4\">[4]<\/a><\/span>. According to the most recent figures from the UN and the OECD, estimated aid from \"South-South cooperation\" amounted to $16.5 billion in 2022. However, this figure is considered<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt5\" id=\"ftnt_ref5\">[5]<\/a><\/span> largely underestimated, particularly regarding China, whose financial flows are often classified as commercial loans or investments rather than \"aid.\" <\/p>\r\n<p>The isolationist and fiscal shift in the United States, along with very recent measures taken by the American administration in March 2025, have sent a shockwave through the sector. The OECD's \"steepest decline<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt6\" id=\"ftnt_ref6\">[6]<\/a><\/span>\" scenario for 2025\u20132027 indicates an 82% drop in USAID allocations for 2025 compared to 2024<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt7\" id=\"ftnt_ref7\">[7]<\/a><\/span>, leading to forecasts of a drastic reduction in global Official Development Assistance (ODA). <\/p>\r\n<p>\"This reduction in American aid does not occur in isolation<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt8\" id=\"ftnt_ref8\">[8]<\/a><\/span>,\" explains Guillaume Soto-Mayor, President of Egregor. He continues, \"It falls within a broader context in which the neoliberal development model, dominant since the 1980s, is being called into question. The promises of broad-based growth through trade liberalization and the privatization of public services have gone unfulfilled. On the contrary, inequalities have widened, institutional trust has collapsed, and the structural mechanisms of poverty and conflict persist<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt9\" id=\"ftnt_ref9\">[9]<\/a><\/span>.\"<\/p>\r\n<p>Private philanthropic aid, distinct from Official Development Assistance (ODA) and mobilized by foundations or civil society organizations, amounted to $43.9 billion from foundations, according to the latest comparative data from the OECD (2019\u20132021 average<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt10\" id=\"ftnt_ref10\">[10]<\/a><\/span>). <\/p>\r\n<p>Finally, although outside the scope of this report, it is necessary to mention migrant remittances to low- and middle-income countries\u2014funds sent by diasporas to their families\u2014which are projected to reach $685 billion in 2024, according to the latest World Bank estimates<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt11\" id=\"ftnt_ref11\">[11]<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<p>Alongside Official Development Assistance (ODA) and contributions from major foundations, individual donations represent one of the primary drivers of funding for solidarity organizations, despite their absence from official OECD statistics. In the United States, these individual donations accounted for $319 billion in 2023<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt12\" id=\"ftnt_ref12\">[12]<\/a><\/span>. In France, donations from individuals amounted to \u20ac5.4 billion in 2023 and 2024, according to France G\u00e9n\u00e9rosit\u00e9s<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt13\" id=\"ftnt_ref13\">[13]<\/a><\/span>. According to the Panorama national des g\u00e9n\u00e9rosit\u00e9s 2024, produced by France G\u00e9n\u00e9rosit\u00e9s in collaboration with the Observatoire Philanthropie &amp; Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 of the Fondation de France, the total amount of donations from individuals and corporations to public interest organizations is estimated at \u20ac9.2 billion for 2022<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt14\" id=\"ftnt_ref14\">[14]<\/a><\/span>. <\/p>\r\n<p>In other European countries, such as the United Kingdom or the Netherlands, individual donations also dominate the philanthropic landscape, reaching \u00a313.9 billion in the UK, according to the Giving Report<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt15\" id=\"ftnt_ref15\">[15]<\/a><\/span> published by the Charities Aid Foundation in 2024 , and nearly 60% of private donations in the Netherlands, according to the Giving in the Netherlands report<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt16\" id=\"ftnt_ref16\">[16]<\/a><\/span> published in 2022 by the University of Amsterdam. <\/p>\r\n<p>Although massive, these flows remain relatively invisible on an international scale as they transit through millions of channels\u2014direct donations, digital platforms, emergency appeals, and bequests\u2014without centralized global tracking. Yet, they play a decisive role by funding the operational continuity of NGOs, enabling rapid responses in times of crisis, and constituting the foundation of their social legitimacy. In a context where Official Development Assistance (ODA) is clearly regressing and certain major donors are reducing their commitments, individual generosity emerges as an essential resource, complementary to public funding.<\/p>\r\n<p>It is in this landscape that crypto-philanthropy fits. Not as a substitute for Official Development Assistance (ODA), but as an extension of individual donation forms, driven by new donors and new technical tools. Although the total amount of donations is still modest, reaching one billion dollars in 2024, it could grow significantly and amount to 90 billion dollars by 2035, according to a report published by The Giving Block<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt17\" id=\"ftnt_ref17\">[17]<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<p>However, crypto-philanthropy extends far beyond the mere topic of donations; it signifies a paradigm shift for every stakeholder involved\u2014in governance, fundraising, and aid delivery in all its forms\u2014by exploiting the characteristics of these Distributed Ledger Technologies. It introduces new channels and funding sources from new types of donors, increased transparency and traceability of financial flows involving fewer actors, and improved operational efficiency on a global scale. <\/p>\r\n<p>As Guillaume Soto-Mayor highlights, \u201cthe mechanisms and tools of crypto-philanthropy can be used to avoid the pitfalls of the past: no conditionalities that weaken the regulatory capacity of States, no programmes that create dependency rather than autonomy. Distributed ledger technologies offer unprecedented opportunities for transparency and traceability of financial flows, reducing intermediaries and risks of misappropriation. Cooperation could be more deeply rooted in local realities rather than imposed from the outside. Traceability must not become a new tool of technocratic control but could here serve mutual accountability and strengthen trust in local and international solidarity networks<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt18\" id=\"ftnt_ref18\">[18]<\/a><\/span>.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p>As with the previous report published by the association Blockchain for Good in 2022, the question driving this new edition is: \u201cWhy and how can crypto-assets impact solidarity chains, local and international, from the donor to the beneficiary?\u201d.<\/p>\r\n<p>To answer this without oversimplifying, it is essential to recall that humanitarian and development aid does not amount to a simple financial transfer. NGOs possess indispensable technical expertise (market analysis, definition of amounts, inter-agency coordination, beneficiary protection, monitoring, and accountability) that structures every assistance program. Web3 technologies do not replace these skills but can reinforce them in specific stages: securing flows, reducing costs, traceability, or ensuring continuity in unstable environments.<\/p>\r\n<p>The graph below (see infra) shows a continuum of financial disintermediation and the evolution of donation and value transfer mechanisms between a donor and a beneficiary. It is not a question of replacing NGOs but of understanding how they adopt these decentralized tools to optimize their operations, or even their organization.<\/p>\r\n<p>On this graph, Flow A represents a classic financial flow where the donor uses a third-party payment processor to send funds to the organization, which then uses the same type of intermediary to transfer aid to the beneficiary. Flow B illustrates the theoretical scenario where the donor gives directly to the organization, which in turn gives directly to the beneficiary. This flow eliminates third-party payment processors by utilizing wallet-to-wallet transfers, with the NGO remaining the central entity of trust and management.<\/p>\r\n<p>Finally, Flow C depicts where the traditional NGO transforms into a structure managed by computer code and a community\u2014 a Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) like Big Green DAO or Giveth DAO (see infra)\u2014facilitating direct connection, transparency, and the governance of operations and decisions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e791d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6e791d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1724\" height=\"712\" src=\"https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image6.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-4939\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image6.png 1724w, https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image6-300x124.png 300w, https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image6-1024x423.png 1024w, https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image6-768x317.png 768w, https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image6-1536x634.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1724px) 100vw, 1724px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c30051d img-src elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"c30051d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Source image : Association Blockchain for Good<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c8af2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"8c8af2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Report Structure<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>To ensure the emerging subject of crypto-philanthropy is as accessible as possible, we have selected a narrative structure centered on all stakeholders: donors, solidarity actors, and finally, aid beneficiaries. The report begins by examining the impact on each stakeholder\u2014the \"why\"\u2014before detailing the mechanisms and tools\u2014the \"how\"\u2014and concluding with global challenges and future perspectives. This organization allows for an in-depth exploration of the technical and strategic aspects of Web3 mechanisms applied to philanthropy.<\/p>\r\n<p>Furthermore, we prioritize an explanation through use cases, drawing upon the directory of impact projects built on public blockchains<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt19\" id=\"ftnt_ref19\">[19]<\/a><\/span>, which the Blockchain for Good association has been compiling since 2018.<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2fa9dcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"2fa9dcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>This PDF report has a corresponding online publication. If you wish to discuss, annotate, or correct certain information within the body of the text, please <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1UDIpCtw9cN_qGNI0thQ7PXL7mkzVvl5hZepmhhgUJyk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\">docs.google.com<\/a>. Select the word, sentence, or paragraph you wish to discuss and draft your comment.<\/p>\r\n<p>As noted at the end of the work, an artificial intelligence (AI) tool was used to facilitate certain drafting tasks. This has now been established as a \u201ccrypto-philanthropy conversational agent,\u201d whose responses are based on the present report and the 79 sources used in its drafting. If you speak french, you can access it here (with a Google account):<br> <a href=\"https:\/\/notebooklm.google.com\/notebook\/d969e310-71bd-4fc6-aebc-e7816bad2344\" target=\"_blank\">notebooklm.google.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25abfe9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"25abfe9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- headtitle here -->\r\n<h2 id=\"h.30j0zll\">Part 1: Why are crypto-assets redefining philanthropy?<\/h2>\r\n<p>While the traditional financial sector is only just beginning to grasp the impact of Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) on currency, the adoption of crypto-assets for solidarity purposes is also poised to initiate a significant digital transformation of the sector. Crypto-philanthropy is no longer a trend to watch, but a reality to be reckoned with, and its growing adoption by donors, organizations of all types, and beneficiaries shows no signs of slowing down.<\/p>\r\n<p>To analyze the influence of crypto-assets on the philanthropic sector, we will address a central question from three angles. First, we will examine how crypto-assets are redefining philanthropy from the donor's perspective. We will attempt to outline their profile, then explore their new motivations and the levers for action offered by Web3, the benefits they derive from it, and these new forms of engagement, particularly through decentralized organizations.<\/p>\r\n<p>Next, we will answer this question from the perspective of solidarity actors, by studying the impact of crypto-assets not only on external operations and fund transfers but also on the operational costs of their activity. New inter-agency coordination mechanisms and new governance structures between stakeholders will illustrate these innovations specific to Web3.<\/p>\r\n<p>Finally, we will address the question of why crypto-assets, and more broadly Distributed Ledger Technologies, are transforming philanthropy from the beneficiary's perspective. <\/p>\r\n<p>Beyond the promises of financial inclusion\u2014already partially addressed by mobile money solutions in local currency\u2014we will highlight what Web3 contributes, notably programmable, traceable, and borderless monetary transfers usable outside banking systems, decentralized identity mechanisms facilitating access to aid, as well as more direct and interoperable distribution models.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<!-- headtitle here -->\r\n<h3 id=\"h.4uarw88yxfu4\">Chapter 1: From the donor's perspective: New motivations, new levers<\/h3>\r\n<p>The emergence of crypto-philanthropy is inseparable from the profile of the crypto-donor. The field of Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) has given rise to a new class of philanthropists, often young and, in some cases, possessing recently acquired wealth, who\u2014according to the most recent report by The Giving Block<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt20\" id=\"ftnt_ref20\">[20]<\/a><\/span>\u2014can be subdivided into \u201ccrypto evangelists,\u201d driven by a conviction in the transformative potential of blockchain, and \u201coptimistic investors,\u201d primarily motivated by the tax efficiency of their contributions. This chapter aims to analyze the appeal of this new mode of giving. In the first section (1.1), we will identify the fundamental value propositions for the donor, notably the transparency and verifiable accountability enabled by these public ledgers, as well as the tax benefits that incentivize giving in crypto-assets. The second section (1.2) will describe how these donors adopt and initiate new forms of Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) and Web3-native projects, illustrating a capacity for rapid and massive mobilization intrinsic to this culture.<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"bloc\">\r\n  <h6 id=\"h.i3maj0x8lgl7\">A Unique Donor: Vitalik Buterin, <br>Ethereum, Meme Coins, and Crypto-Donations<\/h6>\r\n  <p>Vitalik Buterin, the co-founder of Ethereum, is known for his generous and sometimes atypical philanthropic donations. These contributions consist not only of Ethers (ETH), the native crypto-asset of the blockchain he helped create, but also of meme coins or \"shitcoins\" that he receives in large quantities. These are crypto-assets often created based on a joke or an internet phenomenon and which lack utility, such as the Trump Coin.<\/p>\r\n  <p>A common practice in the crypto-asset universe involves sending tokens to the crypto-asset wallet addresses of influential figures, such as Vitalik Buterin. Creators of new crypto-assets, particularly meme coins, thus transfer astronomical quantities of their tokens to him. The objective is twofold: on the one hand, it allows them to claim a connection, however tenuous, with an emblematic figure of the sector; on the other hand, it removes a significant portion of the tokens from circulation, which can artificially inflate their value. Buterin thus finds himself holding billions of dollars in tokens he never purchased.<\/p>\r\n  <p>Rather than retaining these assets he never bought, Buterin has chosen to regularly liquidate them for the benefit of charitable causes. He explains this approach by his desire not to be a \"locus of power\" that could influence the market for these tokens and by a personal ethic that compels him to transform these speculative maneuvers into concrete and positive actions.<\/p>\r\n  <p>- As early as 2017, he allocated the equivalent of 763,970 dollars in Ether to the Machine Intelligence Research Institute. In 2018, he continued with a donation of 2.4 million dollars to the SENS Research Foundation, which is dedicated to longevity research.<\/p>\r\n  <p>- In May 2021, facing the severe wave of Covid-19 in India, he made a historic donation of 50 trillion Shiba Inu (SHIB) tokens\u2014then valued at approximately 1.2 billion dollars\u2014to the India Covid Relief fund. This massive transfer, representing 5% of the total SHIB supply, had a notable impact on the token\u2019s price. In 2022, following the invasion of Ukraine, he financially supported organizations such as \"Aid for Ukraine\" and the \"Unchain Fund,\" stating: \"Ethereum is neutral, but I am not.\"<\/p>\r\n  <p>- Existential risks and health: Also in May 2021, he donated 665 million dollars to the Future of Life Institute for the regulation of artificial intelligence, and 336 million dollars in Dogelon Mars ($ELON) to the Methuselah Foundation, which also focuses on life extension. More recently, in 2022, he contributed 9.4 million dollars in USDC, a dollar-pegged stablecoin, to the University of Maryland to fund research on air disinfection and the fight against airborne diseases.<\/p>\r\n  <p>- In 2023, he made a donation of 15 million dollars in USDC stablecoin to the University of California San Diego to create an institute dedicated to the study of airborne diseases. In June of the same year, he continued his commitment to fighting pandemics by allocating, in partnership with the Crypto Relief fund, 100 million dollars in USDC stablecoin for research on Long Covid and air quality improvement.<\/p>\r\n  <p>- On several occasions between late 2024 and early 2025, he extended his support to the developers of the crypto-asset mixer Tornado Cash, Roman Storm and Alexey Pertsev, by donating over 400,000 dollars in ETH to their legal defense fund, thereby affirming his commitment to the right to develop open-source software.<\/p>\r\n  <p>- In January 2025, Buterin sold or exchanged several dozen meme coins, including notably DOGE, SHIB, and CULT, as well as other lesser-known tokens, generating 2.5 million dollars. These funds were recovered in the form of USDC stablecoin and ETH to be donated to the Kanro fund, initially created to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as to RiseUp, an organization dedicated to privacy protection<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt21\" id=\"ftnt_ref21\">[21]<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h4 id=\"h.1fob9te\">1.1 Value propositions for the crypto-donor<\/h4>\r\n<p>This section details the key incentives driving this audience to use crypto-assets for philanthropy. We first examine how distributed ledgers offer a form of trust based on proof and verifiable accountability (1.1.1), and then analyze the tax advantages in France and the United States, which constitute a major value proposition for the strategic donation of crypto-assets (1.1.2).<\/p>\r\n<h5 id=\"h.iba19l7kmlsm\">1.1.1 Transparency and verifiable accountability<\/h5>\r\n<p>The charitable sector relies heavily on donor trust. Among donors, some question whether their funds are being used efficiently and are truly reaching the intended beneficiaries. The use of a distributed public ledger provides a structural response to this by offering anyone a verifiable, immutable audit, thereby redefining the foundations of trust in philanthropy. For Aouatef Khelloqi<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt22\" id=\"ftnt_ref22\">[22]<\/a><\/span> from RadicalxChange Foundation, this constitutes a fundamental characteristic of the Web3 donor: \"The traditional philanthropist receives an annual report. They trust the institution. The Web3 donor verifies the transaction on-chain. It is a culture of permanent proof, not deferred trust<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt23\" id=\"ftnt_ref23\">[23]<\/a><\/span>\".<\/p>\r\n<p>The appeal of Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) in the field of philanthropy lies primarily in the unparalleled transparency and traceability these ledgers are intended to offer. Donors can now precisely track the use of their contributions 'end-to-end,' from the moment the donation is made to its concrete application in the field. This increased visibility strengthens trust and engagement, as donors are assured that their funds are actually reaching the intended beneficiaries and are being used in accordance with stated objectives. <\/p>\r\n<p>For example, the UNICEF Ventures Crypto Fund<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt24\" id=\"ftnt_ref24\">[24]<\/a><\/span> has received 15 donations since 2019\u20142,780 Ethers (ETH) and 8 Bitcoins (BTC)\u2014and has made 51 investments in ETH and 4 investments in BTC. Each of these donations and investments is visible on a block explorer, software that allows users to read and verify transactions made via a public blockchain. For example, the Ethereum Foundation transferred 1 BTC<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt25\" id=\"ftnt_ref25\">[25]<\/a><\/span> and 100 ETH<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt26\" id=\"ftnt_ref26\">[26]<\/a><\/span> to UNICEF HQ on October 7, 2019.<\/p>\r\n<p>Furthermore, the speed of transactions and the significant reduction in processing fees constitute another major advantage. By bypassing traditional financial intermediaries, often synonymous with delays and additional costs, these technologies make the donation process more efficient and direct, enabling organizations to allocate more resources to their mission. Funds can be transferred almost instantly, anywhere in the world, which is crucial in emergency situations or for organizations operating with limited resources. Whether financing development projects in distant countries or providing rapid humanitarian aid, donations can cross borders with unprecedented agility.<\/p>\r\n<h5 id=\"h.vr2bictmspvs\">1.1.2 The tax incentive structure<\/h5>\r\n<p>Finally, the tax lever can further incentivize generosity. In many tax systems, donations to charitable organizations are tax-deductible. By optimizing tax payments through these deductions, donors find an additional motivation to give. This tax incentive, combined with the other advantages mentioned, creates an ecosystem conducive to more committed, transparent, and effective philanthropy, thereby stimulating generosity and maximizing the social impact of contributions. Below is an overview of the tax regimes in France and the United States.<\/p>\r\n<p>The tax treatment of crypto-assets by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in the United States is key to understanding their powerful philanthropic appeal. The IRS classifies crypto-assets not as currency, but as \"property,\" in the same way as stocks or real estate. The resulting mechanism offers what can be termed a \"double tax advantage.\" When a donor sells an appreciated asset (such as bitcoin or ether held for more than one year and which has increased in value) for dollars, they must first pay long-term capital gains tax.<\/p>\r\n<p>This rate can reach up to 23.8% at the federal level, comprising the maximum rate of 20% and the Net Investment Income Tax of 3.8%. However, if this same donor chooses to donate the crypto-assets directly to a qualified charitable organization (registered under 501(c)(3) status), they are totally exempt from this capital gains tax. In addition to this exemption, they can generally deduct the full fair market value of the asset at the time of the donation from their taxes. <\/p>\r\n<p>Let us take a concrete example. Imagine a donor who purchased 1 Bitcoin for $10,000. Two years later, its value has reached $50,000, generating an unrealized capital gain of $40,000. Either the donor sells their Bitcoin for $50,000. They must pay a capital gains tax on the $40,000. Applying a rate of 23.8%, this represents a tax burden of $9,520. The net amount they can then donate to the charitable organization is $40,480. <\/p>\r\n<p>Or, they transfer their bitcoin directly to the organization. They pay no tax on the $40,000 capital gain. The organization receives the full value of $50,000. Furthermore, the donor can potentially deduct this $50,000 from their taxable income. With the second option, the donation received by the organization is nearly 24% larger, and the donor avoids a tax burden of nearly $10,000. This tax rule transforms charitable giving into a powerful tool for portfolio management and financial planning. For investors holding significant and highly appreciated positions in crypto-assets, direct donation is a tax-efficient method for disposing of an asset.<\/p>\r\n<p>This creates a strong incentive to prioritize donating assets that have experienced the highest appreciation, which, in a bull market, is often the case with crypto-assets. This mechanism largely explains why the average amount of a crypto donation is so spectacularly higher than that of a cash donation. It is not merely a matter of greater generosity, but of financially optimal behavior.<\/p>\r\n<p>Although the French tax system is structured differently, it also offers a significant advantage for donations in crypto-assets. For an individual investor (non-professional), capital gains realized upon the disposal of crypto-assets against a fiat currency (such as the euro) are subject to a single flat-rate levy of 30%\u2014the \"flat tax\"\u2014for total annual disposals exceeding \u20ac305 (Art. 150 VH bis of the General Tax Code - CGI). The crucial point for philanthropy is that donating crypto-assets to a third party, including a public interest association, is not considered a chargeable event for capital gains tax. In other words, the donor transfers the asset without having to realize their capital gain, thereby avoiding triggering taxation at the 30% rate. Not only does the donation generate no income tax, but it also allows the donor to partially reduce the overall capital gain of their portfolio, from which they will benefit during subsequent disposals for consideration.<\/p>\r\n<p>In principle, the donation operation remains subject to standard gift duties, but it will be totally exempt if the donee is one of the persons covered by the list in Article 795 of the CGI, among which are foundations or associations recognized as being of public utility whose activity is of a philanthropic, educational, social, or cultural nature. This means that the recipient organization will be able to allocate the entirety of the donation to its mission. In addition to this exemption, in the case of a donation to a general interest organization or one recognized as being of public utility, the donor benefits from an income tax reduction of 66% of the donation amount, within the limit of 20% of taxable income (Art. 200 and 238 bis of the CGI).<\/p>\r\n<p>The law does not reserve the benefit of this reduction solely for \"cash\" donations; donations \"in kind\" (meaning here \"assets other than money\") are also eligible, and crypto-assets, in the absence of being specifically excluded, fall into this latter category. Even if the French framework does not present the \"double advantage\" as explicitly as the American system, the main benefit appears identical: a total tax exemption from Transfer Duties for Free (DMTG) for the beneficiary of the donation (of public utility), and the avoidance of capital gains tax for the donor. For a French donor holding a significant latent capital gain, the ability to transfer this asset to a charity without triggering 30% taxation is a major incentive, subject to having fulfilled their tax obligations regarding crypto-assets, such as the declaration of taxable disposals and the declaration of foreign accounts.<\/p>\r\n<h4 id=\"h.82lsgexw2rkf\">1.2 Decentralized organizations and applications<\/h4>\r\n<p>The emergence of crypto-philanthropy is intrinsically linked to the collective and ideological nature of Web3, which is organized around communities capable of rapid mobilization. We explore how these initiatives are driven by a global crypto community, often young and technologically savvy, capable of raising massive funds in emergency situations (1.2.1), and the philanthropic values of Web3 (1.2.2)\u2014notably decentralization and the absence of fees\u2014which amplify the ideals of transparency and efficiency specific to local and international solidarity.<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a504a29 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a504a29\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"423\" src=\"https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image6-1024x423.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4939\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image6-1024x423.png 1024w, https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image6-300x124.png 300w, https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image6-768x317.png 768w, https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image6-1536x634.png 1536w, https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image6.png 1724w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ddeac74 img-src elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"ddeac74\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Source image : Association Blockchain for Good<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bdbd6d elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"6bdbd6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- text restarting here after image -->\r\n<h5 id=\"h.ylsu8u6lraho\">1.2.1 Driven by a crypto community<\/h5>\r\n<p>Crypto-philanthropy is driven by a global community that is young, technologically savvy, and often in possession of newly created wealth. Every public blockchain and crypto-asset\u2014 bitcoin, Ethereum, Cardano, Stellar, Avalanche, Algorand, Polygon, etc.\u2014is supported by a community of users, software developers, and curious individuals involved to varying degrees in each of these ecosystems.<\/p>\r\n<p>This community as a whole is also capable of mobilizing rapidly and on a large scale, as exemplified by the mobilization around Julian Assange, the founder of WikiLeaks, which was organized through the Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO), AssangeDAO, in early 2022. It raised approximately 16,600 Ethers (ETH)\u2014equivalent to over 50 million dollars at the time\u2014from thousands of contributors worldwide, with the aim of funding his legal fees. This communal dimension is one of the fundamental characteristics of Web3 and is explained, according to Aouatef Khelloqi, by \u201ccommunity before institution. The traditional philanthropist gives to an organization. The Web3 donor gives with a community via mechanisms such as Gitcoin\u2019s quadratic funding<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt27\" id=\"ftnt_ref27\">[27]<\/a><\/span>. The decision becomes collective and horizontal<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt28\" id=\"ftnt_ref28\">[28]<\/a><\/span>\u201d.<\/p>\r\n<p>Beyond the emotion aroused by disasters or international crises, a certain segment of the crypto community has invested in the philanthropy sector and mobilized, such as Giveth<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt29\" id=\"ftnt_ref29\">[29]<\/a><\/span>, founded in 2016, which defines itself as an \u201caltruistic community\u201d aiming to make giving transparent and fee-free using blockchains; or Gitcoin<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt30\" id=\"ftnt_ref30\">[30]<\/a><\/span>, launched in 2017, whose initial objective is to create tools to fund and support the development of open-source software.<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"bloc\">\r\n  <h6 id=\"h.26unvyjc7f4y\">What is a DAO?<\/h6>\r\n  <p>A DAO, or Decentralized Autonomous Organization, is a form of networked organization governed by computer code rather than by human management. Perfectly horizontal, this structure operates without a central authority, relying on rules encoded in computer programs in the form of smart contracts, replicated across the nodes of a public blockchain, thereby ensuring its unalterable and censorship-resistant nature. Members interact and make decisions collectively through voting and automated mechanisms. The entire system is secured by cryptography and verifiable by all, as rules and transactions are immutably recorded on the public ledger.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"usecase-start\">Founded in 2016 in Barcelona, Spain, by Griff Green, Jordi Baylina, and several other members of the White Hat Group<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt31\" id=\"ftnt_ref31\">[31]<\/a><\/span>, Giveth is a decentralized, open-source platform initially created on the public Ethereum blockchain. Its objective is to \"eliminate bureaucracy and enable non-profit organizations to create a high level of transparency and accountability towards donors<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt32\" id=\"ftnt_ref32\">[32]<\/a><\/span>\"'. The platform is dedicated to charitable and social projects and charges no commission on donations. <\/p>\r\n<p>Transactions between donors and beneficiaries are verifiable via a block explorer, allowing anyone to track where the money goes in real time. Giveth also rewards donor generosity by awarding them its own crypto-asset, called GIV, which grants them voting rights to participate in community decisions. While in May 2022 the platform counted approximately 1,500 \"social utility projects<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt33\" id=\"ftnt_ref33\">[33]<\/a><\/span>\" , it federates over 10,000 as of October 2025.<\/p>\r\n<p>By eliminating intermediaries and transforming donors into stakeholders, it offers an original alternative to traditional philanthropic circuits. The platform operates as a 'crowdfunding hub,' connecting thousands of impact projects with a global network of contributors.<\/p>\r\n<p>Beyond this simple disintermediation, an interesting innovation of Giveth lies in its economic and governance model, the 'GIVeconomy'. In 2021, the community launched several services with the aim of creating \"an economy owned and governed by those who give<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt34\" id=\"ftnt_ref34\">[34]<\/a><\/span>\". Today, this circular economy relies on the GIV, a token that aligns the interests of project participants. The 'GIVbacks' mechanism illustrates this approach. Rather than merely collecting funds, the system rewards generosity by redistributing GIV tokens to donors, effectively transforming them into actors within the ecosystem by conferring voting power. This mechanism allows token holders\u2014those who have made a donation\u2014to participate in the organization's strategic decisions via a Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) that manages the treasury and the evolution of the protocol. This structure transforms Giveth into a foundation managed not by a restricted board of directors, but by its community of users and benefactors.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"c86 tech\"><span class=\"tdd\">Tech deep dive<\/span>In addition to its historical support for Gnosis Chain (formerly xDAI) and Ethereum, the decentralized application (DApp) Giveth was redesigned in 2021 and has operated, since October 2025, on a multi-chain ecosystem including Optimism, Polygon, Polygon zkEVM, and Solana. This multi-chain architecture aims to reduce transaction fees and make donations, particularly micro-donations, accessible to a wider audience. One billion GIV tokens were issued at the launch of the GIVeconomy. 100 million GIV tokens are already liquid, and the remaining 900 million will be allocated to the GIVstream and released gradually over a period of 5 years until December 23, 2026. The credit card payment option, formerly experimental, is now a standard feature, lowering the barrier to entry for donors uninitiated to Web3. The founding principle remains unchanged: the entirety of the collected funds goes to the project holder, without platform commission, the only residual fees being the very low transaction costs of the supported networks.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"usecase-start\">Another flagship project within this crypto community is Gitcoin. At the heart of the Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) economy, a critical portion of the infrastructure relies on open-source software, frequently coded by passionate yet often unremunerated developers. To address this paradox, the Gitcoin platform introduced a novel funding allocation model that weights the number of donors more heavily than the individual donation amounts. Launched in November 2017 by Kevin Owocki, Gitcoin emerged from the dual realization of the chronic underfunding of free software and the inefficiency of traditional recruitment methods. The platform enables the direct remuneration of developers for their contributions to open-source software development. Although Gitcoin began as a personal project, it rapidly gained support from ConsenSys<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt35\" id=\"ftnt_ref35\">[35]<\/a><\/span>, which accelerated its development. The cornerstone of Gitcoin is its Quadratic Funding mechanism. Theorized in 2018 in the research paper \u201cLiberal Radicalism: A Flexible Design for Philanthropic Matching Funds<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt36\" id=\"ftnt_ref36\">[36]<\/a><\/span>\u201d\u2014co-authored by Vitalik Buterin, founder of Ethereum; Zo\u00eb Hitzig, then a PhD candidate in economics at Harvard University; and Glen Weyl, an economist and researcher at Microsoft Research\u2014this model fundamentally alters the rules of fund allocation.<\/p>\r\n<p>Rather than favoring the largest donations, this system amplifies the voice of the many. \u201cQuadratic funding maximizes the social utility of allocated funds because the objective is to favor projects that benefit the many rather than a privileged few<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt37\" id=\"ftnt_ref37\">[37]<\/a><\/span>\u201d explains Aouatef Khelloqi. In concrete terms, a project supported by 100 people donating \u20ac1 each will receive significantly more matching funding than a project receiving \u20ac100 from a single donor. Mathematically, the matching amount is proportional to the square of the sum of the square roots of each individual contribution. The objective is to prioritize the signal sent by a broad base of support, deemed more relevant than the will of a single large funder<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt38\" id=\"ftnt_ref38\">[38]<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<p>To date, via Gitcoin Grants<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt39\" id=\"ftnt_ref39\">[39]<\/a><\/span>, the platform has facilitated the distribution of over $67 million to approximately 5,000 projects. The platform has thus established itself as a pillar of financing for the Ethereum ecosystem, ensuring the maintenance and development of essential software infrastructure and research. However, it has also opened up to financing other initiatives, such as the UNICEF pilot in 2022. UNICEF became one of the first major international organizations to experiment with Gitcoin\u2019s Quadratic Funding, with the raised funds used to finance startups developing open-source software to improve the lives of children and youth in emerging countries<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt40\" id=\"ftnt_ref40\">[40]<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<p>The adoption of this mechanism now extends beyond the purely technological sphere to take root in the real and local economy. In 2022, The Oakland Fund for Public Innovation<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt41\" id=\"ftnt_ref41\">[41]<\/a><\/span> conducted a pioneering experiment in \u201cPlural Funding\u201d to democratize the allocation of philanthropic resources. By mobilizing local residents via a digital voucher system, the fund allocated $19,000 to four local non-profits (including The People\u2019s Conservatory and Black Cultural Zone), demonstrating that Quadratic Funding could strengthen the local associative fabric<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt42\" id=\"ftnt_ref42\">[42]<\/a><\/span>. <\/p>\r\n<p>Following a similar logic of local economic support, the Downtown Stimulus initiative was deployed in Boulder, Colorado, in response to the Covid-19 crisis. Designed by the RadicalxChange Foundation, this program aimed to support struggling local businesses. Residents could purchase credits usable at local businesses, and each contribution triggered matching funds calculated according to the quadratic formula. This system made it possible to subsidize businesses in proportion to their actual popular support rather than the wealth of a few customers<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt43\" id=\"ftnt_ref43\">[43]<\/a><\/span>. <\/p>\r\n<p>The scope of this model also extends to large-scale social movements. In June 2020, amidst global mobilization for racial justice, Gitcoin organized a dedicated fundraising campaign titled \u201cSupport Black Lives\u201d. By applying Quadratic Funding to donations for organizations working towards racial equality and civil rights, the initiative raised $44,000 from individual donors; this amount was supplemented by a matching fund of $40,000, massively amplifying community support for activist causes<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt44\" id=\"ftnt_ref44\">[44]<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<p>Because Quadratic Funding relies more on the number of participants than on the amounts collected, digital identity tools to verify the authenticity of individuals become crucial for ensuring the integrity of the vote.<\/p>\r\n<h5 id=\"h.slq7qdwumjma\">1.2.2 The philanthropic values of Web3<\/h5>\r\n<p>Far from opposing centralized and decentralized organizational models, the emergence of crypto-philanthropy offers an opportunity to address certain structural challenges within philanthropy while consolidating the sector's cardinal values. By analyzing the principles of transparency, efficiency, and governance, it appears that Web3 technologies do not constitute a rupture, but rather an extension or prolongation of certain philanthropic ideals, proposing innovative tools to achieve common goals\u2014notably, transparency reinforced by Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs), unprecedented operational efficiency, and emerging participatory governance models.<\/p>\r\n<p>Trust, the cornerstone of any philanthropic endeavor, relies in the realm of crypto-philanthropy on a donor's ability to verify the allocation and impact of their funds. DLTs address this requirement for accountability by providing an immutable and publicly verifiable transaction ledger. This inherent traceability allows charitable action to be subject to continuous observation, thereby reducing information asymmetries and risks of mismanagement. Platforms such as BitGive, via its GiveTrack service, illustrate this application by enabling non-profit organizations to share financial information and project results in real time.<\/p>\r\n<p>Donors, particularly during humanitarian crises, value low transaction costs, speed of execution, and the assurance that the majority of their donation reaches the beneficiaries without being absorbed by administrative fees and intermediaries<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt45\" id=\"ftnt_ref45\">[45]<\/a><\/span>. Web3 thus allows for the bypassing of traditional banking systems, which are often slow and costly, especially for cross-border transfers<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt46\" id=\"ftnt_ref46\">[46]<\/a><\/span>. <\/p>\r\n<p>BitGive, for example, reported that less than 1% of donations were spent on fees<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt47\" id=\"ftnt_ref47\">[47]<\/a><\/span>. For its part, the decentralized application Giveth built its model on a promise of 0% commission, ensuring that the entirety of collected funds is remitted to the projects. This near-intermediary-free efficiency embodies an optimization that donors, concerned with the direct impact of their contribution, actively seek.<\/p>\r\n<p>Finally, Web3 introduces new governance models that respond to a criticism sometimes leveled at traditional philanthropy, perceived as a top-down and insufficiently inclusive exercise. Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) allow donors to participate more actively in decision-making, transforming the donation into a voting act for the organization's strategic direction<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt48\" id=\"ftnt_ref48\">[48]<\/a><\/span>. This principle is implemented both by native Web3 actors and by pre-existing entities adopting these tools. Big Green DAO, an American foundation working for food sovereignty, uses this model to decentralize its funding decisions. Similarly, Grassroots Economics in Kenya integrates decentralized mechanisms for the management of complementary local currencies. These approaches offer an alternative to decision-making sometimes perceived as \"individualistic and conducted behind closed doors<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt49\" id=\"ftnt_ref49\">[49]<\/a><\/span>\" and foster deeper stakeholder engagement, an aspiration shared by the most modern currents of participatory philanthropy. As we will see in this report, crypto-philanthropy deploys a technological arsenal that amplifies the values at the heart of philanthropy and aid by offering the opportunity to experiment with novel solutions to long-standing challenges.<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-313b7da elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"313b7da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- headtitle here -->\r\n<h3 id=\"h.50ubjrlsukr1\">Chapter 2: From the solidarity actors' perspective: Strategic and operational impact<\/h3>\r\n<p>For non-profit organizations, the integration of crypto-assets and Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) goes far beyond simply diversifying funding sources. It represents a major opportunity for optimization, both strategic and operational. This chapter examines how solidarity actors are exploiting these technologies to address certain systemic challenges of international aid. The first section (2.1) focuses on the global optimization of operations, examining the efficiency of monetary transfers to populations, such as experiments using stablecoins for direct aid, and the impact on operational costs. The second section (2.2) explores innovations specific to Web3, notably inter-agency coordination models, illustrated by systems like the World Food Programme's (WFP) Building Blocks, and decentralized governance structures (DAOs) like the Big Green DAO, which allow for a drastic reduction in structural costs by entrusting decision-making to stakeholders directly on the ground.<\/p>\r\n<h4 id=\"h.w5ptpf6xklhd\">2.1 Global optimization of operations<\/h4>\r\n<p>For non-profit organizations, Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) constitute not only a new collection channel but also an infrastructure for optimizing the entire aid chain. This section focuses on the promises of improved operational efficiency. We will see how crypto-assets enable direct aid to populations (2.1.1) through programs such as Voucher and Cash Assistance (VCA)\u2014hereafter referred to as \"cash assistance\"\u2014by bypassing the failures of the traditional banking system, particularly those related to transaction slowness and costs. We then analyze how this disintermediation allows for the optimization of operational costs (2.1.2), thereby freeing up additional resources for action on the ground.<\/p>\r\n<h5 id=\"h.u5qb7wn51l2n\">2.1.1 Direct aid to populations<\/h5>\r\n<p>Cash assistance (VCA) consists of providing direct aid to identified beneficiaries. In 2022, this type of aid represented an amount of 10 billion dollars, a 30% increase compared to the previous year<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt50\" id=\"ftnt_ref50\">[50]<\/a><\/span>. Concretely, it is estimated that nearly one in five people receiving humanitarian aid\u2014or 19% of beneficiaries globally\u2014benefited from this more flexible and empowering approach.<\/p>\r\n<p>Cash assistance provides money directly to beneficiaries, whether in the form of physical cash, mobile transfers, or, rarely, bank deposits. The selection of the transfer mechanism must be based on a rigorous contextual evaluation and not on simple technological considerations. \"This decision results from an analysis including market studies, protection risk assessment, beneficiary preferences as well as merchant capacities and inter-agency coordination<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt51\" id=\"ftnt_ref51\">[51]<\/a><\/span>\" emphasizes In\u00e8s d'Haultfoeuille, Director of Development at Egregor. <\/p>\r\n<p>In this regard, while the adoption of stablecoins remains subject to the same feasibility protocols and inter-agency coordination as traditional transfer modalities, this method offers great flexibility and preserves the dignity of aided individuals, allowing them to purchase the goods and services they deem priority on local markets, thereby stimulating the local economy. Voucher assistance, for its part, distributes exchange vouchers, in paper or electronic format, which can only be used to acquire specific goods and services\u2014such as food, hygiene items, or shelter\u2014from pre-selected merchants. This approach ensures that aid is used for precise purposes while offering beneficiaries a certain degree of choice. The difficulty in guaranteeing that this direct aid reaches those who need it most in countries at war, under embargo, facing a natural disaster, or any other crisis is immense. Inadequate, nonexistent, or sometimes destroyed banking infrastructure, corruption, and the coercion of an authoritarian government against certain groups are all obstacles to the proper delivery of cash aid.<\/p>\r\n<p>Crypto-assets, and notably stablecoins, have rapidly been the subject of numerous pilots to evaluate their effectiveness as Voucher and Cash Assistance in the distribution of financial aid. These have been conducted jointly by charitable organizations, international organizations, NGOs, startups, and local actors, whether in Afghanistan, Ukraine, Syria, or Nepal, to cite but a few examples.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"usecase-start\">In Syria, as in many other countries, the distribution of cash assistance via informal networks (IMTAs) presents challenges regarding costs, delays, security, and fund traceability. Despite the lifting of US sanctions in 2025 and political shifts, transferring funds remains complex due to the lack of banking infrastructure, currency devaluation, and security risks.<\/p>\r\n<p>An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a stablecoin in distributing financial aid to farmers and agricultural businesses. The project, conducted in Syria between August 2024 and April 2025 by the NGO Mercy Corps in partnership with HesabPay (see infra), aimed to transfer 30,000 US dollars in USDC stablecoin directly to the crypto-asset wallets of approximately one hundred farmers and their families, reaching between 400 and 500 individuals in the Al-Hasakah region in the country's northeast. Beyond mere fund transfers, these farmers were also able to purchase agricultural inputs from local suppliers pre-selected by Mercy Corps.<\/p>\r\n<p>The project sought to measure gains in terms of cost, speed, security, and ease of use. The results of the pilot project indicate that the total cost of the operation via stablecoin represented only 6% of the aid amount, compared to 10% for electronic vouchers and 15% for cash transfers\u2014representing \"a cost reduction of 60% compared to cash and 40% compared to [assistance] vouchers<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt52\" id=\"ftnt_ref52\">[52]<\/a><\/span>\". Distribution times also decreased significantly: \"funds were received in less than a day, compared to an average of 28 days previously, representing a 96% reduction in waiting time for beneficiaries<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt53\" id=\"ftnt_ref53\">[53]<\/a><\/span>\". Furthermore, the decentralized nature of the project enabled the elimination of all intermediaries between Mercy Corps and the beneficiaries. Every dollar transferred arrived directly in the farmer's digital wallet, with full transaction traceability, thereby eliminating the risks of misappropriation or fraud. A participating farmer highlighted that this system \"protects [his] rights\" securely and prevents \"favoritism or the loss of banknotes\". Beyond receiving funds, the wallet allowed farmers to pay local agricultural suppliers directly for their inputs. For suppliers approved by Mercy Corps Ventures, as well as transfer agents, the wallet additionally allowed for the transfer and conversion of stablecoins to a bank account when desired.<\/p>\r\n<p>Despite a low-trust environment where cash is preferred, adoption appears to have been a success. According to Mercy Corps, \"the average participant satisfaction score reached 9.5 out of 10. 72% of beneficiaries stated a preference for receiving aid via stablecoins in the future, citing speed, security, and ease of use. 87% found the mobile application easy to use, and local vendors, initially wary, ultimately viewed it as a source of additional revenue and a mark of trust<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt54\" id=\"ftnt_ref54\">[54]<\/a><\/span>\".<\/p>\r\n<p>Another pilot program was conducted in Afghanistan in 2022 and 2023 by the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC), Mercy Corps, and Rumsan\/HesabPay<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt55\" id=\"ftnt_ref55\">[55]<\/a><\/span>. It involved 3,000 families\u2014primarily female-headed households that had lost their sources of income\u2014representing nearly 21,000 individuals, and aimed to provide them with financial assistance. The results of the pilot program showed that \"98% of the total value of the transferred aid was spent digitally by beneficiaries within the first eight weeks, despite the absence of a cash-out option', with a 'delivery cost limited to 6 cents per dollar transferred, including beneficiary onboarding costs<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt56\" id=\"ftnt_ref56\">[56]<\/a><\/span>.\"<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51b59d0 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"51b59d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"567\" src=\"https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image3-1024x567.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4008\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image3-1024x567.png 1024w, https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image3-300x166.png 300w, https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image3-768x426.png 768w, https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image3-1536x851.png 1536w, https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image3.png 1913w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80d7e39 img-src elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"80d7e39\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Source image : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=http:\/\/mercycorpsventures.com&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1765298967709608&amp;usg=AOvVaw0wNeu16-DPIeqr-8vGftnp\"> mercycorpsventures.com <\/a>  <\/p>\r\n<p class=\"c20\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2433674 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"2433674\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- text restarting here after image -->\r\n<p class=\"c86 tech\"><span class=\"tdd\">Tech deep dive<\/span>Mercy Corps chose to utilize Circle's USDC stablecoin and the HesabPay payment platform, built on the Algorand public blockchain, selected for the speed of its transactions (funds appear within seconds) and its very low transaction fees (in the order of fractions of a cent). The transfer flow operated from Mercy Corps to a HesabPay \"master wallet\", which then instantly distributed the USDC stablecoins to the farmers' individual wallets. The 100 participating farmers used the HesabPay<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt57\" id=\"ftnt_ref57\">[57]<\/a><\/span> custodial crypto-asset wallet, available on iOS and Android smartphones and on the web, and also accessible via USSD<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt58\" id=\"ftnt_ref58\">[58]<\/a><\/span> codes (or WhatsApp code when telecommunication networks are non-functional<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt59\" id=\"ftnt_ref59\">[59]<\/a><\/span>) on basic mobile phones, ensuring broad inclusion. Custodial means that the user does not personally hold the private key to their wallet, which allows for the implementation of a recovery mechanism in the event of loss or theft.<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"bloc\">\r\n  <h6 id=\"h.4tyf6rc7o7lt\">HesabPay: the Afghan wallet with 400,000 users<\/h6>\r\n  <p>HesabPay is a crypto-asset wallet founded in 2016 by Sanzar Kakar in Kabul, Afghanistan\u2014 a country where an estimated 97% of the population lives below the poverty line. The crypto-asset wallet follows a rigorous risk-based compliance program, featuring multi-level identity verification (KYC), integration with WorldCheck to ensure no sanctioned individuals can open an account, and integration with Chainalysis<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt60\" id=\"ftnt_ref60\">[60]<\/a><\/span> to provide monitoring of all network activity. HesabPay eliminates duplicates, removes distribution costs, and requires no paper currency. <\/p>\r\n  <p>As a sign of its central role in payment infrastructures, by 2023 the platform was already managing the monthly payment of 170,000 electricity bills, totaling 4 million dollars in USDT, a dollar stablecoin issued by Tether. Between its official launch on July 1, 2023, and June 2024, more than 4.5 million transactions were conducted by 400,000 users with 3,000 merchants distributed across Afghanistan's 34 provinces<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt61\" id=\"ftnt_ref61\">[61]<\/a><\/span>. <\/p>\r\n  <p>For the end user, the application remains a simple digital wallet, primarily displaying balances in local currency (Afghani, AFN). In the background, when an international NGO distributes aid, it sends USDT to HesabPay, which then credits the final beneficiaries' wallets. HesabPay uses Algorand as an interoperable settlement rail to connect otherwise siloed entities: mobile network operators, banks, and utility providers. Instead of traditional banking settlements, which are now impossible, these entities can settle accounts with each other almost instantly using the USDT stablecoin on the Algorand public blockchain.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"usecase-start\">Grassroots Economics is a non-profit foundation established in 2010 in Kenya by economist Will Ruddick, dedicated to \"empowering marginalized communities to take charge of their own livelihoods and economic future<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt62\" id=\"ftnt_ref62\">[62]<\/a><\/span>\". Its approach addresses the fundamental problem of liquidity shortages in local economies, which paralyzes trade even when goods and services are available. Grassroots Economics has transitioned from an analog model to a decentralized digital infrastructure. The organization began, between 2010 and 2017, with Community Inclusion Currencies (CICs) in the form of paper vouchers circulating alongside the Kenyan shilling; in 2015, a first digital transition took place via USSD\/SMS mobile technology, managed by a centralized database.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"c86 tech\"><span class=\"tdd\">Tech deep dive<\/span>In 2018, to ensure system transparency and decentralization, Grassroots Economics migrated its ledgers to proof-of-authority blockchains\u2014MakerDAO's xDAI stablecoin, now Gnosis Chain, as well as the Kitabu blockchain\u2014before choosing, in July 2023, to migrate its services to the Celo public blockchain. This chain is optimized for mobile transactions and low-bandwidth environments, while also introducing a sustainable funding model through node validation rewards, thereby reducing reliance on donations.<\/p>\r\n<p>At the heart of the system lie Community Asset Vouchers (CAV), managed via the open-source platform Sarafu.Network<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt63\" id=\"ftnt_ref63\">[63]<\/a><\/span>. A Community Asset Voucher is a formalized commitment that an individual or group makes regarding their future goods and services, such as, for example, an hour of labor or a basket of vegetables. By pooling these commitments (Commitment Pooling), communities create an internal medium of exchange that functions as interest-free credit, stimulating trade when national currency is scarce. According to the 2024 Grassroots Economics report<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt64\" id=\"ftnt_ref64\">[64]<\/a><\/span>, there were just over 3,000 monthly active users distributed across 33 different communities (commitment pools)\u2014that is, 33 local markets functioning as small independent economies where members, whether a village, a women's cooperative, or a group of farmers, pool their promises of goods and services. In September 2024, there were 239 unique types of asset vouchers\u2014\u201cdigital tickets\u201d representing a specific product or service, such as \u201c1 basket of tomatoes\u201d, \u201c1 hour of repair\u201d, \u201c1 sewing lesson\u201d, etc.\u2014demonstrating the strong diversity of products and services within these micro-economies. In that month of September alone, 144,558 vouchers were exchanged, reflecting the dynamism of this intra-community trade.<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fe6333 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4fe6333\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"996\" height=\"657\" src=\"https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image11.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4012\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image11.png 996w, https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image11-300x198.png 300w, https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image11-768x507.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 996px) 100vw, 996px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3bff962 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"3bff962\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- text restarting here after image -->\r\n<p>Concretely, a person will generate a paper crypto-asset wallet from a web address, <a href=\"https:\/\/sarafu.network\" target=\"_blank\">sarafu.network<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/sarafu.network\" target=\"_blank\">sarafu.network<\/a>, and print it, download it, or use it online, or connect an existing wallet. Everyone can then create a voucher to offer their goods and services, and exchange it for other vouchers. According to the report, \"more than 1,200 acres of land have been restored, food security improved for more than 14,000 people and the construction of more than 30 houses and granaries funded by CAVs\". Grassroots Economics has thus evolved from a local initiative in Kenya to a decentralized and technologically advanced economic ecosystem, demonstrating that it is possible to create resilient networks that retain liquidity within local economies while fostering sustainable development. An interdisciplinary team of researchers<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt65\" id=\"ftnt_ref65\">[65]<\/a><\/span> conducted an economic analysis in 2023; these works reveal that implementing a Community Inclusion Currency is \"a valuable, market-based channel for poverty alleviation, complementing humanitarian or government aid channels<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt66\" id=\"ftnt_ref66\">[66]<\/a><\/span>\" while noting that \"substitutes for real money, such as CICs, are perceived as inferior, and therefore CIC systems can only be transitory<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt67\" id=\"ftnt_ref67\">[67]<\/a><\/span>\". It thus turns out that this academic study confirms the counter-cyclical nature of this model: the system is designed to switch communities to an alternative system during the occurrence of a liquidity crisis, since beneficiaries will tend to prioritize the local currency, the Kenyan shilling, when it circulates again.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"usecase-start\">Final example in Malawi, a landlocked East African country between Tanzania to the northeast, Mozambique to the east and south, and Zambia to the west. The joint initiative led by the international NGO Save the Children, via its SHIFT program, Coala Pay<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt68\" id=\"ftnt_ref68\">[68]<\/a><\/span>, and the Malawian youth organization Shift Power Organisation<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt69\" id=\"ftnt_ref69\">[69]<\/a><\/span> (SPO) between January and May 2025, consisted of evaluating, within a pilot project framework, the use of stablecoins as a direct funding mechanism for initiatives on the ground, to address the mismatch between the very strict operational and compliance requirements of international NGOs and the often informal nature of community and local movements. An initial feasibility study<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt70\" id=\"ftnt_ref70\">[70]<\/a><\/span> had indeed revealed that, even for modest funding, the SPO was subject to the same complex assessment and due diligence procedures as for grants up to $80,000\u2014standards totally unsuited for a youth structure like SPO.<\/p>\r\n<p>The project methodology relied on the allocation of total funding of 2,000 dollars, paid in two tranches of 1,000 dollars each. These payments, made in USDC stablecoin, were governed by a smart contract programmed to release funds to the SPO's MetaMask<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt71\" id=\"ftnt_ref71\">[71]<\/a><\/span> crypto-asset wallet after manual validation of two key milestones: first, the submission of a campaign plan and budget, and second, the presentation of results accompanied by visual proofs, such as photos and videos. The process of converting funds into local currency, the Malawian kwacha (MWK), was carried out via the Yellow Card<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt72\" id=\"ftnt_ref72\">[72]<\/a><\/span> platform.<\/p>\r\n<p>The quantitative results of the pilot project were, according to Save the Children, \"particularly convincing<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt73\" id=\"ftnt_ref73\">[73]<\/a><\/span>\". Money transfers, completed in less than two minutes, demonstrated speed incomparable to traditional banking systems. Furthermore, transaction costs proved minimal, with network fees, gas fees, not exceeding 0.80 USD. Moreover, the use of USDC stablecoins preserved the value of the funds against the devaluation of the local currency, offering the SPO a purchasing power gain estimated at over 80%. In terms of impact, this funding allowed SPO to deploy an environmental education program in four primary schools: Chidzingwe, Mgwerambavi, Mvunguti, and Kakule. The activities, focused on Reduction, Reuse, and Recycling principles, directly trained 160 students, who in turn shared their knowledge with over 4,000 of their peers.<\/p>\r\n<p>According to the project leaders, participant feedback was also extremely positive, praising the platform's ease of use while affirming a desire to reuse stablecoins in the future. A member of the SPO summarized the general sentiment by stating: \"The process was really easy! And fast! But it also gave us autonomy that we, young people in Malawi, normally do not get<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt74\" id=\"ftnt_ref74\">[74]<\/a><\/span>\". The project nevertheless highlighted a major challenge regarding the process of converting crypto-assets into fiat currency, off-ramping. Daily withdrawal limits imposed by the Yellow Card platform for accounts without KYC forced SPO to split its withdrawals over several days, complicating cash management and adding some 0.5% in fees to each transaction.<\/p>\r\n<h5 id=\"h.qn94dpxj5nig\">2.1.2 Optimization of financial and operational costs<\/h5>\r\n<p>The current global financial system, upon which non-profit organizations rely for their international operations, is a legacy of technologies and processes developed several decades ago. While robust, this system presents structural inefficiencies that directly impact the mission of humanitarian and development organizations. The pillar of this system is the correspondent banking network, which facilitates international transfers via platforms like SWIFT<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt75\" id=\"ftnt_ref75\">[75]<\/a><\/span>. This model implies that funds pass through a chain of multiple intermediate financial institutions before reaching their final destination. Each intermediary adds delays and levies fees, resulting in settlement times that commonly extend from one to three business days, or even more in certain jurisdictions. This latency is particularly detrimental in emergency response contexts where speed is essential. Beyond delays, costs are a significant burden. The complexity of the existing infrastructure and the number of actors involved often obscure the path and status of payments, making tracking difficult and final fees unpredictable. For an organization, these fees are not merely an operational expense; they represent a direct reduction in the capital available for programs on the ground. Every dollar spent on transaction fees is a dollar that does not reach the beneficiaries.<\/p>\r\n<p>All non-profit organizations that have implemented a pilot or experiments based on the use of stablecoins attest to a considerable reduction in operational costs, ranging from 70% to 95%. \"In traditional models, operational costs typically absorb 10% to 35% of donated funds. DIVA Donate's model reduces operational expenses to just 2.5% of total distributed funds, representing a 75%<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt76\" id=\"ftnt_ref76\">[76]<\/a><\/span> reduction,\" explains, for example, DIVA Donate<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt77\" id=\"ftnt_ref77\">[77]<\/a><\/span>, a decentralized conditional donation platform (see infra) working notably with Mercy Corps Ventures. Some non-profit organizations use stablecoins to pay the salaries of staff employed abroad, but also as a means of payment for service providers or local partners<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt78\" id=\"ftnt_ref78\">[78]<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"usecase-start\">For example, the Union of Medical Care and Relief Organizations (UOSSM) is an international humanitarian and medical NGO. Founded by Syrian doctors from the diaspora as a medical humanitarian organization, it has offices in eight countries. During the war in Syria and until recently, the NGO managed its operations in Syria from the Turkish border, notably thanks to support from GIZ, the German international cooperation agency (Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Internationale Zusammenarbeit), since 2018<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt79\" id=\"ftnt_ref79\">[79]<\/a><\/span>. In response to the Syrian crisis, UOSSM's mission is to provide neutral and impartial medical assistance to populations affected by the conflict, primarily in northwestern Syria, in the Idlib and northern Aleppo regions. It manages a dense network of health infrastructures, including hospitals, primary health care centers, mental health units, and the largest dialysis center in Idlib, the latter supported by GIZ. The operational challenge was to pay the salaries of approximately one hundred employees\u2014doctors, nurses, pharmacists, technicians, and administrative staff\u2014in a secure, rapid, and traceable manner, bypassing the need to transport and distribute large amounts of cash, a logistically complex and high-risk operation. <\/p>\r\n<p>GIZ and UOSSM International initiated a digital payment pilot project in October 2024 via the Stellar Disbursement Platform (SDP) built on the Stellar public blockchain, whose transaction fees are near zero, to ensure salary distribution to medical staff within seconds<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt80\" id=\"ftnt_ref80\">[80]<\/a><\/span>. Results from this experiment indicate a reduction of at least 25% in administrative time allocated to payment processing and a saving of 400,000 euros per year in banking and informal fees. Furthermore, the hundred or so employees had no difficulty converting dollar stablecoins into cash via Digibank<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt81\" id=\"ftnt_ref81\">[81]<\/a><\/span>. The deployment of this solution, widely acclaimed by beneficiaries, was extended to seven hospitals and serves to pay more than 900 employees in 2025<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt82\" id=\"ftnt_ref82\">[82]<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<p>This practice is particularly widespread in countries where access to banking services is limited, where the national currency is weak, or in situations of hyperinflation. Some organizations also use crypto-assets like bitcoin to distribute grants and bypass banking institutions. The \"Bitcoin for NGOs\" guide published by the Human Rights Foundation gives the example of an organization that made a direct donation in bitcoin to a university and Venezuelan researchers, \"because it was the most effective method for cross-border fund transfers, requiring less bureaucracy and lower fees than fiat transfers<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt83\" id=\"ftnt_ref83\">[83]<\/a><\/span>.\"<\/p>\r\n<p>It thus turns out that financial flows in crypto-assets or stablecoins are not subject to any geographic restriction, operate 24\/7 every day of the week, can be sent without any intermediary between the sender and the receiver, and cost a fraction of a cent when the transaction passes through the correct protocol.<\/p>\r\n<p>Beyond simply optimizing financial and operational costs in traditional and hierarchical structures, some organizations are exploring new forms of governance and seeking to experiment with and modify existing vertical models. A particularly interesting initiative is called Big Green DAO, notably because it has been driven for five years by an American foundation that itself has existed for about fifteen years.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"usecase-start\">Founded by Kimbal Musk, the Big Green DAO was born from a radical vision: \"to dismantle the traditional power structures of philanthropy to put grassroots organizations in the driver's seat<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt84\" id=\"ftnt_ref84\">[84]<\/a><\/span>.\" In other words, the starting premise is that the people and groups working on the front lines within their communities are best placed to determine where resources should be allocated. Dedicated to food sovereignty<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt85\" id=\"ftnt_ref85\">[85]<\/a><\/span>, the Big Green Foundation was created in the United States in February 2011. Traditionally, a foundation allocates its funds via a restricted board of directors<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt86\" id=\"ftnt_ref86\">[86]<\/a><\/span>. The Big Green DAO reversed this paradigm by transferring decision-making power to its community\u2014that is, predominantly the leaders of the grassroots organizations funded by the Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO).<\/p>\r\n<p>Since its inception, the Big Green DAO has distributed over $4.5 million to hundreds of organizations across the United States through regular grant cycles called Grant Rounds. For example, the GR3 cycle allocated $720,000 to 37 organizations, and GR4 distributed $595,000 to 45 organizations<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt87\" id=\"ftnt_ref87\">[87]<\/a><\/span>. With over 171 organizations funded for a total exceeding $4 million since 2021, the Big Green DAO has proven the viability and effectiveness of its decentralized approach<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt88\" id=\"ftnt_ref88\">[88]<\/a><\/span>. In June 2025 alone, during its eighth funding cycle, the DAO approved the distribution of nearly $500,000 for 34 new projects, with amounts ranging from $10,000 to $20,000 per initiative.<\/p>\r\n<p>This DAO is characterized not only by community-operated governance but also relies on an innovative grant attribution system. Governance within the Big Green DAO is entirely in the hands of its community. Members can propose and vote on all aspects of the organization, from the selection of grant beneficiary organizations to modifications of the governance rules themselves<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt89\" id=\"ftnt_ref89\">[89]<\/a><\/span>. This power is distributed and exercised via a governance token system, designed to align incentives and prevent the concentration of power<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt90\" id=\"ftnt_ref90\">[90]<\/a><\/span>. The DAO uses three distinct types of tokens<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt91\" id=\"ftnt_ref91\">[91]<\/a><\/span>:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n  <li>The $GARDEN token is awarded to non-profit organizations that become members of the DAO, generally after receiving a grant. This token is non-transferable to prevent any financial speculation. Its voting power is revoked (\"burned\") if not used during two consecutive grant cycles, ensuring that only active and engaged members retain their influence.<\/li>\r\n  <li>The $GARDENDONOR token is awarded to donors who contribute above a certain threshold, for example, 1 Ether. This token is also non-transferable. Its voting power has a lifespan limited to one year, encouraging continuous engagement rather than perpetual influence stemming from a single donation.<\/li>\r\n  <li>The $GARDENEXEC token is held by members of the DAO Committee and used for votes specific to this committee.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>The DAO Committee plays a steering and facilitating role, rather than an authoritarian directive one. It is composed of representatives from member organizations of the community and is renewed through a community election process<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt92\" id=\"ftnt_ref92\">[92]<\/a><\/span>. Its mission is to set broad annual guidelines and ensure that decisions are made in the best interest of the community and the cause<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt93\" id=\"ftnt_ref93\">[93]<\/a><\/span>. In recognition of their commitment, organizations represented on the committee receive an annual grant<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt94\" id=\"ftnt_ref94\">[94]<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<p>As for the grant attribution process, it is the operational heart of the DAO. It is designed to be as simple and efficient as possible for applicants, thereby reducing the burden traditionally associated with fundraising<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt95\" id=\"ftnt_ref95\">[95]<\/a><\/span>. The cycle proceeds in three stages: application, voting, and allocation<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt96\" id=\"ftnt_ref96\">[96]<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<p>The final decision is not based on a simple majority rule (50% + 1), but on an \"optimized consensus\" mechanism designed to \"reflect the majority perspective of the community<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt97\" id=\"ftnt_ref97\">[97]<\/a><\/span>.\" This sophisticated approach is made possible by the use of an advanced voting tool, Ethelo<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt98\" id=\"ftnt_ref98\">[98]<\/a><\/span>, which boasts of having managed the budget allocation of $100 million for over 250,000 stakeholders over ten years<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt99\" id=\"ftnt_ref99\">[99]<\/a><\/span>. Unlike binary voting platforms, Ethelo is a consensus engine that explores a multitude of possible scenarios to identify the outcome that comes closest to the overall satisfaction of all participants, not just a simple majority<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt100\" id=\"ftnt_ref100\">[100]<\/a><\/span>. Ethelo's philosophy, inspired by justice theorist John Rawls<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt101\" id=\"ftnt_ref101\">[101]<\/a><\/span>, aims to find fair outcomes that unite the community rather than polarize it<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt102\" id=\"ftnt_ref102\">[102]<\/a><\/span>. The Big Green DAO has also used Ethelo in conjunction with quadratic voting<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt103\" id=\"ftnt_ref103\">[103]<\/a><\/span>, a funding allocation model that gives more weight to the number of donors than to the individual donation amounts<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt104\" id=\"ftnt_ref104\">[104]<\/a><\/span>. Organizations that succeed in this process receive an unrestricted grant, community member status, and a $GARDEN governance token. This system creates a virtuous loop where today's beneficiaries become tomorrow's decision-makers, continuously strengthening power and expertise within the grassroots community<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt105\" id=\"ftnt_ref105\">[105]<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<p>According to Kimbal Musk, this model drastically reduces structural costs. Where a traditional foundation devotes up to 15% of its budget to operational and personnel costs, the Big Green DAO operates with less than 5% overhead. The impact is direct: out of a capital of $100 million, $95 million would go directly to projects, compared to $65 million in the classic model. The dual objective is to improve the social return on investment by entrusting decisions to field experts, and to establish transparent and quantifiable governance.<\/p>\r\n<h4 id=\"h.hzjzi6rkva04\">2.2 Innovations specific to Web3<\/h4>\r\n<p>Web3 offers structural innovations that redefine governance and institutional funding. The first part of this section examines inter-agency coordination and decentralized governance (2.2.1), illustrated by systems like the World Food Programme's Building Blocks and philanthropic DAOs, which aim to eliminate duplication and decentralize decision-making. The second part (2.2.2) highlights the emergence of crypto-philanthropic funds driven by NGOs, such as the UNICEF CryptoFund, which invest on-chain in impact start-ups to generate traceable digital public goods, as close as possible to the aided populations.<\/p>\r\n<h5 id=\"h.5rn743ecusey\">2.2.1 Between inter-agency coordination and decentralized governance<\/h5>\r\n<p>Modern humanitarian aid faces major structural challenges, notably high transaction costs that deplete already limited budgets, critical delays in the routing of funds, as well as a severe lack of inter-organizational coordination generating inefficiencies and redundancies.<\/p>\r\n<p>Several financial optimization and coordination projects have been launched by traditional Organizations and institutions, such as Building Blocks, deployed by the World Food Programme (WFP), TruBudget<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt106\" id=\"ftnt_ref106\">[106]<\/a><\/span>, initiated by the German Development Bank<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt107\" id=\"ftnt_ref107\">[107]<\/a><\/span>, or FundsChain, launched more recently by the World Bank<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt108\" id=\"ftnt_ref108\">[108]<\/a><\/span>. All share the specific feature of being built on private blockchains, justifying this approach by the desire \"to ensure an increased level of security and control<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt109\" id=\"ftnt_ref109\">[109]<\/a><\/span>\".<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"usecase-start\">The multiplication of intermediaries and the diversity of actors on the ground, particularly during severe humanitarian crises, simultaneously increase the risks of error, fraud, or misappropriation. Faced with this reality, the United Nations World Food Programme initiated the Building Blocks project in 2017 \"to eliminate duplication in order to support organizations in preventing unintended overlaps, optimizing resources, and improving efficiency as well as equitable humanitarian aid outcomes, ultimately serving populations in a more secure and efficient manner<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt110\" id=\"ftnt_ref110\">[110]<\/a><\/span>\".<\/p>\r\n<p>The project positions itself as an inter-organizational coordination meta-system whose role is to interconnect the internal systems of different agencies to coordinate collective assistance, thereby avoiding duplicates and fostering a holistic approach to the aid received by beneficiaries. Thus, Building Blocks does not replace the internal Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), beneficiary registration, biometric management, or Monitoring &amp; Evaluation (Measure &amp; Evaluate) systems of member organizations, but integrates with them.<\/p>\r\n<p>The architecture relies on an Ethereum-type private blockchain. This infrastructure is \"permissioned\", meaning that only approved humanitarian bodies can join the network, consult data, and validate transactions. Beneficiaries are identified via pseudonymous identifiers without any personal data such as name, date of birth, address, or any biometric data being recorded on the private blockchain, as this information remains in the centralized systems of each organization.<\/p>\r\n<p>Since the first pilot, conducted in Pakistan in January 2017 by the World Food Programme, the project is now deployed in Bangladesh, Jordan, Lebanon, and Ukraine. From June 2019, UN Women used the Building Blocks platform in the Za'atari and Azraq refugee camps in Jordan<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt111\" id=\"ftnt_ref111\">[111]<\/a><\/span>, then extended its use to the Kakuma camp in Kenya in 2020<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt112\" id=\"ftnt_ref112\">[112]<\/a><\/span>. In Jordan, the aid distributed by UN Women fell within the framework of \"cash-for-work\" programs, where participants received an allowance in exchange for their contribution to activities within the \"Oasis\" centers for the resilience and empowerment of women<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt113\" id=\"ftnt_ref113\">[113]<\/a><\/span>. The project began with a pilot to support 200 women and progressively expanded to approximately 100,000 refugees in these camps.<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be05159 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"be05159\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image16.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"image16\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDAwNywidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3Jlc2VhcmNoLnRoZWJsb2NrY2hhaW5mb3Jnb29kLm9yZ1wvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNVwvMTJcL2ltYWdlMTYucG5nIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"466\" src=\"https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image16-1024x466.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4007\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image16-1024x466.png 1024w, https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image16-300x137.png 300w, https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image16-768x350.png 768w, https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image16-1536x699.png 1536w, https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image16.png 1999w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c2eb03 img-src elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"7c2eb03\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Source image :  Building Blocks <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=https:\/\/innovation.wfp.org\/project\/building-blocks&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1765298967760232&amp;usg=AOvVaw12u1-sMWSGCd9mrrUhEXGW\"> https:\/\/innovation.wfp.org\/project\/building-blocks <\/a>  <\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d867316 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"d867316\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- text restarting here after image -->\r\n<p>In Ukraine, between 2022 and 2024, the system processed data for over 4.8 million unique households and identified and prevented 855,000 cases of duplication. These deduplication efforts reportedly led to savings of over 200 million dollars<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt114\" id=\"ftnt_ref114\">[114]<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<p>In 2024, it served as a coordination platform for 65 organizations, generating 67 million dollars in savings. The use of a Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) provides an immutable record of transactions, which is a major draw for aid transparency and accountability<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt115\" id=\"ftnt_ref115\">[115]<\/a><\/span>. Since 2023, Building Blocks has been an ecosystem open to other UN agencies, with free membership for eligible organizations. Each member pays 400 USD\/month to operate its own validation nodes on the cloud, hosted by Amazon Web Services, but to date, only UN Women has joined the ecosystem. Since its implementation, approximately 300 million dollars of humanitarian aid have been distributed via the platform to over one million beneficiaries, with fees reduced by 98%\u2014enough to allocate more resources to the benefit of aided individuals, and also providing the UN agency with a complete and internal history of every transaction<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt116\" id=\"ftnt_ref116\">[116]<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<p>However, Building Blocks is subject to significant structural criticism, mainly related to its technical architecture and its impact on beneficiary privacy. One of the main critical arguments is that, although Building Blocks is presented as a 'blockchain application', it operates on a private-permissioned blockchain<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt117\" id=\"ftnt_ref117\">[117]<\/a><\/span> of the Ethereum type, developed with Accenture and Microsoft. in the early phases, particularly for the implementation in Jordan, the system operated on a single node on an Ethereum fork<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt118\" id=\"ftnt_ref118\">[118]<\/a><\/span>. Critics note that this configuration made it technically equivalent to a centralized and proprietary database, thereby losing the fundamental advantages of decentralization<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt119\" id=\"ftnt_ref119\">[119]<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<p>The governance architecture poses a problem because, historically, the World Food Programme was the sole platform manager, holding the transaction records. Indeed, this unilateral control raises concerns regarding the impartiality and credibility of the system, and dissuades other operational partners from joining, for fear that the World Food Programme might exercise exclusive influence in favor of its own objectives. Debates also surround the project, particularly regarding the fact that its code is not open source, justified by a lack of resources and a desire not to discourage partners. The question of a transition to open source will be put to a member vote 'once a critical mass is reached', explain the project leaders<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt120\" id=\"ftnt_ref120\">[120]<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<p>Finally, the integration of Building Blocks with UNHCR's biometric identity systems (PRIMES\/iris scan) is a source of major ethical controversy<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt121\" id=\"ftnt_ref121\">[121]<\/a><\/span>. Researchers point out that this approach 'financializes'<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt122\" id=\"ftnt_ref122\">[122]<\/a><\/span> refugee data, transforming information on displaced persons into digital footprints capable of being used by financial institutions. The absence of common data protection standards and the legal immunity of UN agencies create 'outsourcing loopholes'<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt123\" id=\"ftnt_ref123\">[123]<\/a><\/span>, allowing private technology companies, such as Accenture, Microsoft, or Cairo Amman Bank\u2014which have received millions of dollars in contracts to develop these programs\u2014to test new technologies on displaced populations without direct accountability.<\/p>\r\n<p>This cyber-humanitarianism, through the use of biometrics without any safeguards, is at the heart of the critique\u2014rightly so\u2014of crypto-colonialism. Beneficiaries have no control over the data held by operators. Yet the biometric identity system used by the World Food Programme is the one implemented by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) since 2013, which relies on an iris recognition solution developed by Irisguard, a private British company founded in 2001<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt124\" id=\"ftnt_ref124\">[124]<\/a><\/span>. Its first major contract, in 2002, concerned border control with the United Arab Emirates (UAE) to allow them to distinguish citizens from 'deportees', namely foreign workers attempting to return to the UAE with new documents. Used by governments, NGOs, and a large number of retail banks in the Middle East, Irisguard has developed EyePay, an iris recognition system for the unbanked, deployed in various contexts including border control, cardless ATMs, and supermarket points of sale. <\/p>\r\n<p>Today, this system allows for the verification of a person's identity in less than three seconds to authorize a transaction or aid distribution. To date, Irisguard claims to have processed over 18 billion dollars in transactions for more than 10 million people<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt125\" id=\"ftnt_ref125\">[125]<\/a><\/span>. However, a report published<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt126\" id=\"ftnt_ref126\">[126]<\/a><\/span> by Oxfam in 2018 concludes that the risks associated with holding large quantities of immutable biometric data (legal, security, reputational) outweigh the potential benefits in almost all cases. These data represent a high-value target, as tragically illustrated by the cyberattack against the International Committee of the Red Cross in 2022, which led to the theft of data from over 515,000 vulnerable people<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt127\" id=\"ftnt_ref127\">[127]<\/a><\/span>. Although Building Blocks does not store beneficiary biometric data on its private blockchain, keeping it in the centralized systems of member agencies merely shifts the risk without eliminating it. The creation of proprietary and private IT systems, based on the collection of sensitive and immutable biometric data, held by commercial companies in a quasi-non-existent regulatory context, poses countless questions regarding refugee privacy and human dignity.<\/p>\r\n<p>Traceability of funds in the context of development aid is also one of the major challenges of humanitarian aid and stems from the complexity of its ecosystem, fueled by the multiplicity of donors\u2014whether states, international organizations, NGOs, or private foundations\u2014each having its own priorities, mechanisms, and requirements, which often leads to a fragmentation of efforts and, frequently, a lack of coordination. Furthermore, funds may transit through banks, money transfer systems, online platforms, or even informal channels, making their traceability extremely difficult. This opacity also fosters redundancy in transaction costs, with each intermediary taking a cut, thereby reducing the efficiency of the allocated aid. A particularly concerning problem is the impossibility\u2014sometimes disguised or intrinsic\u2014for institutions in the aided country to track the precise use of funds. This lack of transparency may be due to inadequate financial management systems, a lack of technical capacity, or a deliberate desire to conceal certain expenditures. This situation prevents beneficiary countries from evaluating the actual impact of aid, planning their own budgets effectively, and being accountable to their citizens. It also opens the door to corruption and resource waste, diverting aid from its initial objectives of supporting development and improving populations' living conditions. According to an OECD report published in 2021, 'sometimes, the partner country's treasury may not even know the status of a disbursement or the money coming in, which compromises the national investment budget planning process'<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt128\" id=\"ftnt_ref128\">[128]<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"usecase-start\">It is based on this observation that KfW Entwicklungsbank, the German development bank, has been developing TruBudget since 2018 (Trusted Budget Expenditure Regime), open-source software whose object is to 'increase the efficiency and traceability of funds by offering member states and donors greater transparency in resource allocation'<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt129\" id=\"ftnt_ref129\">[129]<\/a><\/span>. TruBudget is an application that allows a consortium of actors to create their blockchain network in order to record funding and expenditure processes corresponding to the monitored project.<\/p>\r\n<p>A pilot was funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) in 2018 in Burkina Faso. The Burkinab\u00e9 government thus configured TruBudget, renamed SIGFE (Information System for External Fund Management), and uses a permissioned blockchain shared between the various ministries, local IT systems\u2014to automate data exchanges\u2014and donors.<\/p>\r\n<p>Today, some 25 development projects are managed via this platform, involving more than ten ministries and multiple international donors. In Ethiopia, TruBudget is used to jointly manage projects funded by KfW in the field of higher education. Other pilots are still in a preparatory stage: for example, Tunisia is developing the Loans and Support Fund for Local Communities (CPSCL) based on TruBudget, with Smart Africa and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. The Brazilian development bank BNDES also tested the device in 2018 to manage part of the Amazon Fund, notably from private individuals, then the project was suspended from 2019 to 2022 to resume in 2023.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"c86 tech\"><span class=\"tdd\">Tech deep dive<\/span>TruBudget is open-source software operating on a permissioned blockchain where each involved entity, such as a ministry or an administration, operates its own node on the blockchain network. Each action, each document validation, or each payment is a transaction recorded on the distributed ledger and visible to authorized persons within each of the other nodes. In April 2019, KfW published the source code of TruBudget, now accessible as open source on the GitHub<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt130\" id=\"ftnt_ref130\">[130]<\/a><\/span> platform, allowing anyone to use, adapt, and develop it. It has also since been certified as a Digital Public Good<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt131\" id=\"ftnt_ref131\">[131]<\/a><\/span>, by the Digital Public Goods Alliance (DPGA), which facilitates its adoption by low- and middle-income countries without licensing fees<\/p>\r\n<h5 id=\"h.6cidnhawie4e\">2.2.2 Crypto-philanthropic funds driven by NGOs<\/h5>\r\n<p>To overcome the structural obstacles of humanitarian aid, such as financial opacity and logistical inefficiencies, UNICEF has established itself as a major player in innovation. As early as 2014, the organization created a Venture Fund, an investment vehicle intended to provide seed capital to tech start-ups developing solutions for children in emerging markets. Five years later, in 2019, the fund took a decisive step by launching its CryptoFund, thus becoming the first United Nations entity to operate a fund capable of receiving, holding, and disbursing donations natively in crypto-assets like Bitcoin (BTC) and Ether (ETH). This initiative was not a simple experiment but the natural evolution of its strategy, aiming to exploit the potential of Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) to reshape the mechanisms of philanthropy.<\/p>\r\n<p>The CryptoFund model is an illustration of venture philanthropy. It makes equity-free investments in seed-stage companies, on the essential condition that their technologies be open source. This requirement ensures that the funded innovations become \"digital public goods\", freely accessible, adaptable, and reusable, thus creating a multiplied social impact. Transparency is the pillar of this system. The entire journey of a donation, from a contributor's wallet\u2014like the Ethereum Foundation\u2014to the beneficiary start-up, is recorded immutably on a public blockchain. Any observer can thus verify the \"proof of transaction\" of each investment, offering an unprecedented level of auditability and trust. By the end of 2024, the global portfolio of the Venture Fund, which encompasses the CryptoFund, counted 153 investments in 87 countries, having benefited more than 174 million people.<\/p>\r\n<p>Atix Labs, for example, an Argentine company, benefited from one of the first CryptoFund investments to develop its open-source platform AGUA<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt132\" id=\"ftnt_ref132\">[132]<\/a><\/span>. This solution tackles the challenge of financial opacity in the social sector by using a blockchain to ensure complete and verifiable traceability of funds. The technical principle is to link the disbursement of funding to tangible and predefined results. Concretely, a project is broken down into several stages, each associated with clear and measurable objectives. Funds are not paid out all at once but are locked in a secure smart contract on the Bitcoin blockchain<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt133\" id=\"ftnt_ref133\">[133]<\/a><\/span>. <\/p>\r\n<p>The release of successive tranches occurs only when the funding recipient provides proof that the objectives of the previous stage have been met. This \"proof of impact\" can take various forms, such as validated reports, geolocated data, or third-party confirmations. This mechanism assures donors and public institutions that their funds are used efficiently, transforming project monitoring from a declarative process to a system based on proofs auditable by all.<\/p>\r\n<p>Another example: in Bangladesh, despite progress in extending vaccination coverage since the 1980s, systemic challenges persist, leaving hundreds of thousands of children under-vaccinated or unvaccinated. The issue is particularly acute in densely populated urban slums and remote rural areas, where tracking children is complex. Traditional paper-based systems, prone to loss and errors, and fragmented digital systems hinder health workers' ability to identify and reach children. It is in this context that UNICEF, in collaboration with the Government of Bangladesh and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, uses a decentralized platform created by StaTwig<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt134\" id=\"ftnt_ref134\">[134]<\/a><\/span>, a startup from the UNICEF Venture Fund.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"usecase-start\">VaccineLedger, used in Bangladesh under the name eVLMIS (Electronic Vaccine and Logistics Management Information System) or VaxIN, is a digital system that ensures end-to-end traceability and transparency of vaccines. Rather than being limited to a simple digital registry, StaTwig's open-source solution uses a public blockchain to create an immutable and shared record for every child and every vaccine vial.<\/p>\r\n<p>Concretely, when a child is brought in for their first vaccination, the health worker creates a digital file for them in the VaxIN application based on an identifier, linked to basic information (name, date of birth, parent information) collected from the family. In parallel, each vaccine batch has a digital identifier that is tracked in real time from national warehouses to local health centers. Field health workers, more than 20,000 of whom have been trained, use a mobile application\u2014functioning online and offline to adapt to low-connectivity areas\u2014to scan vaccines and update the child's record at the moment of administration.<\/p>\r\n<p>This architecture ensures that the right vaccine is administered to the right child at the right time, but also monitors the cold chain thanks to temperature sensors whose data can be integrated into the registry. The immutability of the ledger guarantees the integrity of vaccination records, protecting them against any alteration or accidental or fraudulent deletion, a crucial advantage over paper systems or vulnerable centralized databases. The system's transparency and auditability allow public health supervisors and managers to track vaccine stocks in real time, identify bottlenecks in the supply chain, and reduce waste, thanks to real-time dashboards, predictive analytics, and automated alerts. The system's success was proven during the national typhoid campaign, where it managed the distribution of vaccines to millions of children<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt135\" id=\"ftnt_ref135\">[135]<\/a><\/span>. Finally, this approach fosters interoperability with other national health information systems. By providing a secure and portable digital identity, the system ensures continuity of care for families who move, while laying the foundations for an ecosystem of \"digital public goods\" where essential data can be shared securely to improve access to other vital services.<\/p>\r\n<p>By operating entirely on public blockchains to ensure investment traceability, UNICEF encourages its portfolio companies to become crypto-native themselves, which accelerates the adoption and development of blockchain solutions for social good. The donor therefore does not just fund an isolated project but catalyzes a whole ecosystem of sustainable and open innovation.<\/p>\r\n<p>For non-profit organizations, the integration of crypto-assets and Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) therefore goes far beyond the simple diversification of funding sources and represents new tools, both strategic and operational, which do not, however, replace the foundations of humanitarian work.<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae3c445 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"ae3c445\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- headtitle here -->\r\n<h3 id=\"h.mwlwdb2nx95r\">Chapter 3: From the beneficiary's perspective: direct and inclusive aid<\/h3>\r\n<p>The promise of Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) is to offer more direct, rapid, and efficient aid to vulnerable populations, particularly the \"invisibles\" who do not have access to traditional financial systems and those who cannot provide proof of identity. However, this convergence raises significant ethical and structural challenges. The first section (3.1) will address this duality by detailing the financial inclusion mechanisms offered by projects built on Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs), while highlighting the peril of crypto-colonialism. This critique highlights the risk that the implementation of digital solutions, often private, reproduces or amplifies historical power dynamics, notably via the \"financialization\" of displaced populations' data. The second section (3.2) will examine the emergence of Decentralized Micro-finance (Micro-DeFi), which seeks to use Decentralized Finance tools to overcome the inherent limits of traditional microfinance.<\/p>\r\n<h4 id=\"h.mulzbq8a4giv\">3.1 Between better inclusion and the risk of crypto-colonialism<\/h4>\r\n<p>As a pharmakon, to borrow Stiegler's concept<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt136\" id=\"ftnt_ref136\">[136]<\/a><\/span>, Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) reveal their ambivalent nature for beneficiary populations: both a remedy (3.1.1) representing immense transformative potential and a poison (3.1.2) introducing major new ethical and social risks.<\/p>\r\n<h5 id=\"h.scps1rwyz7fm\">3.1.1 Unprecedented inclusion<\/h5>\r\n<p>From the beneficiary's perspective, the advent of Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) constitutes a profound break from traditional aid mechanisms. The main advantage lies in the capacity of these tools to effect a radical disintermediation, offering for the first time direct access to financial resources for the most marginalized populations of the global system: the unbanked. The classic philanthropic system indeed runs up against the systemic barrier of necessarily relying on a fiduciary and banking infrastructure to which billions of individuals do not have access. This exclusion forces aid to pass through multiple intermediaries, causing fees, delays, and security risks for the final beneficiary, often forced to collect cash at centralized distribution points.<\/p>\r\n<p>It is important to specify that DLTs must not be presented as the sole answer to the lack of banking access. Many regions of the world already possess high-performing financial inclusion systems via mobile money (M-Pesa, MTN Mobile Money, Orange Money, Wave, etc.), often more accessible and robust than current crypto solutions. Web3 does not necessarily bring a \"first inclusion\", but structurally different functionalities: programmability, transparency, global interoperability, and resilience in contexts where conventional financial systems fail. These mechanisms do not replace existing systems but allow for the creation of new financial layers, capable of operating even in the event of a local banking freeze, as in Afghanistan, Myanmar, or Sudan, which constitutes an advantage rarely accessible via traditional mobile money systems.<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"bloc\">\r\n  <h6 id=\"h.r5n8ooll5lbe\">How are hospital employees in the northwest region of Syria paid?<\/h6>\r\n  <p>In the context of the Syrian conflict, which began in 2011 and led to the collapse of state and financial infrastructures, the northwest region of Syria is particularly isolated. Due to this war situation and the near-total absence of a formal banking system, most hospital employees were paid through a complex and high-risk cash-based process, involving multiple intermediaries. GIZ, the German international cooperation agency (Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Internationale Zusammenarbeit), first sent the funds to the accounts of the international NGO UOSSM in Turkey, the Union of Medical Care and Relief Organizations (Union of Medical Care and Relief Organization, UOSSM). From this border country, which had become the main rear base for humanitarian aid, UOSSM transferred the monthly salary funds to Syria using the Turkish National Post and Telegraph Directorate, a national service offering financial and logistical services such as fund transfers. An authorized member of the UOSSM staff then had to withdraw the funds, in cash, at a Turkish Post branch located in northwest Syria. They then handed them over to a local exchange agent, an authorized representative operating as a liquidity point. The representative of this liquidity point then had to transport the funds\u2014a logistically burdensome and perilous operation in a conflict zone\u2014to the health facilities, where salaries were finally distributed to staff using physical cards, which also served as proof of payment. To ensure supervision of this manual payment chain, distributions were carried out in the presence of the facility's accountant and a representative of Innovation Consulting &amp; Solutions, a third-party organization that helps facilitate equity in humanitarian and development efforts in the Middle East and North Africa<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt137\" id=\"ftnt_ref137\">[137]<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p>Crypto-assets, whether stablecoins or cryptocurrencies, provide an alternative, resilient, and universal financial infrastructure. For the beneficiary, the only requirement to access these funds is access to a crypto-asset wallet, most often via a simple mobile phone. This technological simplicity bypasses the need for formal civil identity\u2014a major obstacle for refugees, internally displaced persons, or populations without civil registration.<\/p>\r\n<p>For the beneficiary of this new kind of aid, the advantages are numerous. Aid can be transferred almost instantly from donor to individual, eliminating the delays inherent in international bank transfers and complex disbursement processes, especially in emergency situations. Transaction fees are significantly reduced compared to traditional remittance services, meaning a greater proportion of donations reaches the beneficiary directly. Although transaction privacy is a key aspect, the immutability and transparency of distributed ledgers allow, under certain conditions, for the tracking of the origin and destination of funds, reinforcing donor confidence and reducing the risks of misappropriation. By receiving funds directly into a crypto-asset wallet, beneficiaries have the freedom and capacity to decide how and when to spend their money, without being constrained by in-kind aid programs or imposed supplier lists; this autonomy reinforces their dignity and power to act on their own situation. Storing funds in a crypto-asset wallet eliminates the need to transport large sums of cash, thereby reducing the risks of theft or extortion, which are frequent in conflict zones or areas of extreme poverty.<\/p>\r\n<p>Finally, for billions of people who were excluded from the formal financial system, crypto-assets offer a gateway to financial inclusion.<\/p>\r\n<p>Beyond direct financial inclusion, Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) offer a novel solution to a fundamental problem of social exclusion for persons without legal identity\u2014whom the UN agency ecosystem calls the 'invisibles'. For instance, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), working directly with stateless populations and refugees, notes they are often devoid of identity documents and thus 'legally invisible'<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt138\" id=\"ftnt_ref138\">[138]<\/a><\/span>. Similarly, UNICEF focuses on identity from birth, on the grounds that a 'child who is not registered at birth is invisible to the government. Without proof of identity, children are often excluded from health care, education, and other vital services, and are more vulnerable to exploitation and abuse'<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt139\" id=\"ftnt_ref139\">[139]<\/a><\/span>. This invisibility affects at least 850 million people worldwide<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt140\" id=\"ftnt_ref140\">[140]<\/a><\/span>\u2014refugees, stateless persons, displaced populations\u2014who, deprived of state-recognized proof of identity, are prevented not only from accessing banking services but also essential health services, education, and even civil registration, thus perpetuating a cycle of vulnerability and marginalization.<\/p>\r\n<p>It is in this context that the potential of Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs) and Verifiable Credentials becomes truly transformative<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt141\" id=\"ftnt_ref141\">[141]<\/a><\/span>. These technologies allow for the establishment of self-sovereign digital identity. Identifiers are created and managed by the user, who retains total control over them. Different identity property providers can then issue Verifiable Credentials, the proof of source and integrity of which are anchored on a blockchain. Unlike traditional identification systems that depend on a single central authority, this decentralized identity can be built from multiple Verifiable Credentials that contribute to forging a robust digital identity, without any single entity having a monopoly on its validation or revocation. Credential data is not directly stored and exposed on a blockchain (which contains only the traces allowing for their verification) but is ideally recorded locally and directly by the user themselves on their decentralized identity wallet, thus limiting massive centralized data leaks.<\/p>\r\n<p>By holding ownership and control of their own digital identity, the beneficiary emerges from invisibility and acquires the capacity to prove who they are, in a portable and secure manner, without being subject to the constraints of a single centralized system, which is often inaccessible or failing in crisis zones or for vulnerable populations. This identity autonomy opens access to financial inclusion but can also unlock access to health care, by enabling a secure and shareable medical history; to education, by authenticating diplomas and academic records; and even to forms of civic and economic participation, by enabling proof of digital citizenship or professional skills.<\/p>\r\n<h5 id=\"h.ue6wnop44e07\">3.1.2 The peril of crypto-colonialism<\/h5>\r\n<p>The rapid development of Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) and crypto-assets in the aid and philanthropy sector, while promising better financial inclusion, also raises serious concerns regarding the reproduction of historical power dynamics, a phenomenon referred to by critics as crypto-colonialism<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt142\" id=\"ftnt_ref142\">[142]<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<p>The critique of digital colonialism targets a social system where a restricted number of influential actors, often technology companies, operate globally and exercise an unequal concentration of power<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt143\" id=\"ftnt_ref143\">[143]<\/a><\/span>. This system is characterized by the extraction of profits, data, labor, and natural resources, while imposing cultural norms and ensuring dependence on products, all justified by a discourse of progress and benevolence<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt144\" id=\"ftnt_ref144\">[144]<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<p>The term 'crypto-colonialism' specifically describes neo-colonial processes where blockchain technology facilitates new forms of appropriation of resources from the Global South to catalyze economic growth elsewhere. The Global South refers to regions still suffering the effects of past colonial expansion<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt145\" id=\"ftnt_ref145\">[145]<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<p>Although presented as solutions for aid and the improvement of living conditions, digital technologies, including the use of crypto-assets, risk amplifying historical forms of colonization and maintaining power inequalities<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt146\" id=\"ftnt_ref146\">[146]<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<p>One of the most frequently cited illustrations of crypto-colonialism is that of Puerto Rico, studied following Hurricane Maria<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt147\" id=\"ftnt_ref147\">[147]<\/a><\/span> which struck the island in September 2017, notably by Naomi Klein. The promise of blockchain decentralization was instrumentalized by wealthy investors to test the technology there on a state scale, according to objectives they had defined themselves. This phenomenon is motivated by tax optimization and the promise of transforming the region, which tends to relativize the stated philanthropic objective. The discourses held by investors construe the local population as a colonial and underdeveloped 'other'<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt148\" id=\"ftnt_ref148\">[148]<\/a><\/span>, naturally in need, whose economy must be assisted by outside 'great minds'<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt149\" id=\"ftnt_ref149\">[149]<\/a><\/span> to transition from an agrarian economy to an information economy. This dynamic maintains and reproduces the existing relationship of colonial domination.<\/p>\r\n<p>The use of private blockchains in humanitarian aid fits into a pattern not unlike the pitfalls of traditional aid. Researchers<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt150\" id=\"ftnt_ref150\">[150]<\/a><\/span> point out that the absence of common data protection standards and the legal immunity of UN institutions create 'outsourcing loopholes'<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt151\" id=\"ftnt_ref151\">[151]<\/a><\/span>. These loopholes allow technology companies to test new solutions, such as biometrics or Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs)\u2014often private ones\u2014on displaced populations without incurring direct liability.<\/p>\r\n<p>In certain humanitarian programs using blockchain, such as those involving the UNHCR and the World Food Programme with private companies, there is a risk of 'financialization'<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt152\" id=\"ftnt_ref152\">[152]<\/a><\/span> of information on displaced persons, their data being converted into digital footprints used for verification and transactions.<\/p>\r\n<p>The biometric crypto-asset project Worldcoin is another representative example of this issue<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt153\" id=\"ftnt_ref153\">[153]<\/a><\/span>. The company targets fragile populations and unregulated territories in the Global South through aggressive promotional strategies, offering money either in local currency or in crypto-assets in exchange for the collection of biometric data, consisting of an iris scan as well as a facial scan<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt154\" id=\"ftnt_ref154\">[154]<\/a><\/span>. This process aims to capture markets and extract valuable data by presenting itself as a form of 'social aid'.\"<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"bloc\">\r\n  <h6 id=\"h.54jx8us6yqmp\">Worldcoin: biometric data for a handful of crypto<\/h6>\r\n  <p>Worldcoin, the project co-founded in 2019 by Sam Altman, CEO of OpenAI, aims to create a global digital identity based on iris recognition. Worldcoin has deployed \"Orbs\", a proprietary technology used to scan the iris and other biometric data in numerous countries, meeting particular enthusiasm in Latin America, notably in Argentina. However, the massive collection of biometric data has raised significant concerns regarding privacy protection, leading to investigations, suspensions, or bans of its activities by several national authorities\u2014notably in Spain, via its Data Protection Agency (AEPD), which ordered in March 2024 the temporary cessation of data collection and processing on its territory. The notion of informed consent surrounding the possible storage and transmission of biometric data (though unnecessary by default) has been severely challenged, as the user was encouraged to grant these permissions by the \"Orbs\" operators. Portugal has also taken similar measures to limit data collection, while the Office of the Privacy Commissioner in Hong Kong has launched an investigation. Kenya had already suspended the project as early as the summer of 2023 for security and data protection reasons, and in May 2025, the Indonesian Ministry of Communication froze Worldcoin's activity, citing the absence of a license for biometric data collection. Investigations and questions have also been raised in Germany, which supervises the project at the European level.<\/p>\r\n  <p>The number of individuals having scanned their iris in exchange for a \"World ID\" and WLD crypto-assets has seen significant growth, although the most recent figures vary according to sources and the progress of deployment. According to Worldcoin's response to a question addressed to the European Parliament in March 2024<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt155\" id=\"ftnt_ref155\">[155]<\/a><\/span>, more than 4.5 million people in 120 countries had already provided their biometric data. In Argentina, the success was particularly notable with registration spikes, such as in August 2023 when 9,500 people had their irises scanned in a single day in the capital, Buenos Aires. In Chile, in September 2023, the project had attracted 200,000 people, representing 1% of the country's population.<\/p>\r\n  <p>In September 2025, the World App application, which serves as a wallet for the World ID and WLD tokens, counted approximately 33 million users. Of this total, seven million reportedly have a verified \"World ID\", a figure difficult to confirm.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p>The peril of crypto-colonialism lies in the fact that, without a thoughtful and locally grounded approach, technological aid solutions can not only fail to correct inequalities but also reproduce a model of development imposed from the top down, keeping beneficiaries in a state of \"permanent assistance\" and dependence, rather than fostering the empowerment and sovereignty of local populations, while also, through the use of biometric data with virtually no safeguards, permanently jeopardizing the personal data of millions of people around the world\u2014among those who might still be able to defend themselves.<\/p>\r\n<p>The paradigm of decentralized identity and Verifiable Credentials is also subject to criticism from academics, such as Margie Cheesman of the University of Oxford, who views these self-sovereign identity systems as \"simultaneously the potential catalyst for new modes of empowerment, autonomy, and data security for refugees, and a means of maintaining and extending bureaucratic and commercial power\"<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt156\" id=\"ftnt_ref156\">[156]<\/a><\/span> and for whom, \"if self-sovereign identity continues to be routinely depoliticized in the aid sector, the particular ways in which identities are configured, the social biases they instill, and the harmful consequences of this social sorting will be overlooked\"<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt157\" id=\"ftnt_ref157\">[157]<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<h4 id=\"h.9gfrdlgh6ztu\">3.2 Towards the emergence of Decentralized Micro-finance (Micro-DeFi)?<\/h4>\r\n<p>Microfinance was designed to include those excluded from the traditional banking system, but it faces significant structural limitations. This chapter examines the inherent limits of traditional microfinance (3.2.1), such as high transaction costs and lack of liquidity, before presenting the opportunities offered by the emergence of Micro-DeFi (3.2.2), which seeks to overcome these obstacles by using Decentralized Finance tools, notably on-chain credit history and access to global liquidity for more transparent funding.<\/p>\r\n<h5 id=\"h.auy1q59rcnm7\">3.2.1 The inherent limits of microfinance<\/h5>\r\n<p>If so-called inclusive finance exists, it is indeed because traditional finance excludes\u2014perhaps because the risk is not worth the cost. It is from this observation that microfinance, a concept born in 1976 within traditional finance and awarded a Nobel Prize in 2006, came into being.<\/p>\r\n<p>The modern history of microfinance is inseparable from that of Muhammad Yunus, a Bangladeshi economist. In the 1970s, while Bangladesh was struck by famine, Yunus was a professor of economics at the University of Chittagong. Struck by the discrepancy between the grand economic theories he taught and the misery he observed, he realized that poor craftswomen could not buy their raw materials for lack of a few dollars and were exploited by pawnbrokers. In 1976, he decided to personally lend the equivalent of 27 dollars to a group of 42 women. All of them repaid him. This experience led him to create the Grameen Bank in 1983\u2014the \"village bank\"\u2014whose model relies on trust and solidarity. Loans are granted without material collateral, often to groups of women who act as guarantors for one another, in the form of a joint liability group. This approach not only ensures very high repayment rates, often exceeding 95%, but also strengthens social bonds and the empowerment of women, who constitute the vast majority of borrowers. For this innovation, Muhammad Yunus and the Grameen Bank received the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006, enshrining microfinance as a major tool in the fight against poverty.<\/p>\r\n<p>Microfinance thus refers to the range of financial services\u2014micro-credit, micro-savings, micro-insurance\u2014intended for low-income individuals, generally in the Global South, who do not have access to traditional banks. The fundamental idea is that even very small sums can enable individuals to start or develop an income-generating activity, and thus improve their living conditions. Since its inception, microfinance has experienced exponential growth and has widely spread beyond the Grameen Bank, through NGOs but also commercial banks, cooperatives, microfinance institutions (MFIs), and for-profit crowdfunding platforms.<\/p>\r\n<p>The impact of microfinance can be measured on several levels. In 2019, the number of microfinance clients worldwide was estimated at over 140 million, with a global loan portfolio of nearly 124 billion dollars. For many \"micro-entrepreneurs\", access to credit, however modest, is the starting point for an activity such as buying livestock, a sewing machine, goods for a small business, or seeds for a farmer. This micro-capital allows them to generate income, smooth their consumption, and cope with unforeseen events. Beyond the purely economic aspect, microfinance also has profound social impacts. It contributes to the empowerment of individuals, particularly women, who, by managing their own activity, gain independence, confidence, and status within their families and communities. Additional income is often invested in children's education and the improvement of household health and nutrition. Microfinance played a pioneering role in financial inclusion and demonstrated that it was possible and profitable to provide financial services to the poorest, paving the way for other innovations like \"mobile banking\", which is experiencing resounding success in Africa and Asia.<\/p>\r\n<p>But this optimistic vision must not obscure a certain number of limitations and pitfalls observed on the ground and widely documented. One of the main criticisms leveled at microfinance today is the often very high level of interest rates. While microfinance institutions justify these rates by significant operational costs, such as managing numerous small loans or monitoring clients in rural areas, they can reach levels of 30%, 50%, or even over 77% per year in some cases<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt158\" id=\"ftnt_ref158\">[158]<\/a><\/span>. Such rates transform a tool of emancipation into a trap, and many borrowers, struggling to generate sufficient profits to repay their loan, find themselves forced to take out a new credit to repay the previous one, thus entering a spiral of over-indebtedness. This phenomenon was particularly visible during the Andhra Pradesh crisis in India in 2010, where aggressive lending practices and usurious rates led to a wave of suicides among over-indebted farmers, casting lasting discredit on the sector.<\/p>\r\n<p>\"Added to this are forms of social pressure, sometimes excessive, in joint liability mechanisms such as daily visits, community stigma in case of delay, the exclusion of women's groups, or even coercive collection practices. These dynamics, documented by the World Bank<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt159\" id=\"ftnt_ref159\">[159]<\/a><\/span> and the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL)<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt160\" id=\"ftnt_ref160\">[160]<\/a><\/span>, show that microfinance can reinforce certain vulnerabilities instead of alleviating them,\"<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt161\" id=\"ftnt_ref161\">[161]<\/a><\/span> explains In\u00e8s d'Haultfoeuille.<\/p>\r\n<p>Furthermore, microfinance struggles to reach the poorest of the poor. Microfinance institutions, concerned with their financial viability, tend to lend to those who already have a small activity and a certain repayment capacity. The most destitute, marginalized, and vulnerable populations, such as the homeless and the sick, are excluded from these programs because they are deemed too risky<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt162\" id=\"ftnt_ref162\">[162]<\/a><\/span>. Moreover, numerous impact studies<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt163\" id=\"ftnt_ref163\">[163]<\/a><\/span> have shown that while microcredit helps smooth consumption and cope with shocks, it has a much more modest effect on sustainably escaping poverty<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt164\" id=\"ftnt_ref164\">[164]<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<p>Most funded activities remain very low value-added subsistence activities, which do not allow for real capital accumulation or job creation<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt165\" id=\"ftnt_ref165\">[165]<\/a><\/span>. Microcredit helps manage poverty, but it is not always sufficient to escape it.<\/p>\r\n<p>At the macroeconomic level, several analyses, notably from CGAP<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt166\" id=\"ftnt_ref166\">[166]<\/a><\/span>\u2014a global partnership housed within the World Bank\u2014and the Overseas Development Institute<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt167\" id=\"ftnt_ref167\">[167]<\/a><\/span> (ODI), highlight that the positive effects of microfinance are largely neutralized as soon as contexts become unstable: inflation, local currency depreciation, climate risks, political crises. This discrepancy between punctual micro-economic impacts and the absence of sustainable structuring effects constitutes a major limitation.<\/p>\r\n<p>The entry of commercial actors and investors with a profit motive into the microfinance sector has led to what is called \"mission drift\". Attracted by the potential profitability of the \"market of the poor\", some institutions have applied the same principles to microfinance as in speculative finance, prioritizing maximum profitability and profit optimization to the detriment of social impact. This drift results in a concentration of loans on the \"least poor and most profitable\" clients, sometimes brutal collection practices, and the abandonment of non-financial services\u2014notably training, literacy, and health awareness programs\u2014which were nevertheless at the heart of the initial Grameen Bank model. A part of microfinance is now simply a banking activity targeted at the poor, and no longer a social development tool.<\/p>\r\n<p>That said, microfinance cannot solve everything on its own. As a financial tool, it will never be able to solve the structural problems that trap some in poverty, such as the lack of infrastructure, roads, electricity, access to water, deficiencies in health and education systems, political instability or corruption, or deep inequalities, whether of gender, caste, or ethnicity. Without a favorable environment and strong public policies in these areas, the impact of microfinance will remain intrinsically limited. A micro-entrepreneur may have access to credit, but if no road allows them to transport their products to market, their activity will never be able to prosper. Microfinance is a powerful tool that has changed the lives of millions of people by giving them access to financial services and fostering their autonomy. Muhammad Yunus's legacy is immense. But nearly fifty years after his first experiments, microfinance is hitting its own boundaries: market saturation, rising climate risks affecting repayment capacity, increased dependence on costly capital, and an inability to reach the most precarious households.<\/p>\r\n<p>The question arising in 2025 is the following: Could Decentralized Finance (DeFi) tools simply optimize the profitability of a traditional finance that has now integrated microfinance as a profit center, or would they allow for a reconnection with the genesis of the values upheld by the Grameen Bank? More broadly, can they correct certain systemic failures of the sector\u2014lack of transparency, opaque risk management, high transaction costs, dependence on local institutions\u2014or do they risk, on the contrary, reproducing the same biases in another form?<\/p>\r\n<p>Moving beyond the myth of the miracle solution, what is the impact of crypto-assets on microfinance, and how do they provide an answer to specific issues\u2014notably over-indebtedness and commercial drift? are we witnessing the emergence of a Decentralized Micro Finance, and if so, what is it?<\/p>\r\n<h5 id=\"h.sfjwelsbyyav\">3.2.2 The emergence of a Micro-DeFi?<\/h5>\r\n<p>Micro-DeFi uses Decentralized Finance (DeFi) tools to attempt to overcome certain obstacles of traditional microfinance. It proposes not only a new financial infrastructure but also an experimental model, still immature, whose promises must be analyzed with caution regarding technical, governance, and regulatory risks.<\/p>\r\n<p>These advantages can include reducing transaction costs, accessing better global liquidity, recording an on-chain credit history for the micro-borrower, and ensuring total transparency of funds linked to digital wallets and public crypto-asset addresses\u2014that is, as long as they remain in the form of tokens. Smart contracts automate loan management, notably disbursement, interest calculation, and repayment tracking, making very small loans economically viable, which would be too costly for a classic bank to manage. Liquidity pools, fed by investors from around the world, can fund local micro-entrepreneurs without borders. Transaction after transaction, a farmer builds a verifiable financial reputation on a public blockchain. This on-chain credit history will serve to prove their reliability to obtain another micro-loan, even without a traditional bank account. Lenders, whether individuals or organizations, can see exactly where their money is going and track repayment rates in real time, thereby reinforcing trust. However, the quality of this information depends on how external data interacts with data recorded in a distributed ledger. Without reliable verification mechanisms, this on-chain transparency does not necessarily guarantee reality, which can create new risks of information asymmetry.<\/p>\r\n<p>For hundreds of millions of people living in the informal economy worldwide, access to microcredit is impossible because interest rates are often prohibitive. Micro-DeFi does not eliminate this risk but can contribute to reducing it by lowering the cost of capital, provided that liquidity reserves remain sufficiently supplied and that the volatility of mobilized assets is controlled\u2014two conditions far from guaranteed in current Decentralized Finance (DeFi) environments.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"usecase-start\">Mercy Corps Ventures piloted a project aimed at making loans more accessible, in collaboration with Quipu, a Colombian player connecting DeFi liquidity to traditional microfinance institutions, and Anzi Finance, a blockchain platform managing guarantee funds and credit risk<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt168\" id=\"ftnt_ref168\">[168]<\/a><\/span>. The capital, provided in the form of USDC stablecoins by DeFi lenders, was routed via the Nudo protocol to a local microfinance institution, Bancuadra<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt169\" id=\"ftnt_ref169\">[169]<\/a><\/span>, dependent on the Colombian administration. The latter was then responsible for distributing loans in local currency to entrepreneurs. The true innovation lies in risk management. To encourage traditional lenders to participate, Mercy Corps Ventures provided so-called \"first-loss\" capital. <\/p>\r\n<p>Concretely, this tranche of capital, placed in a smart contract, acts as a shield absorbing the first payment defaults. This safety net significantly reduced the risk for other investors, making lending to micro-entrepreneurs much more attractive. Thanks to this structure, the project was able to lower the cost of capital for the partner microfinance institution, which in turn could offer loans at interest rates much lower than those of the market. Thus, more than 80% of entrepreneurs who benefited from a loan stated that it would have been impossible for them to obtain similar financing from other sources. This injection of capital had a direct impact, with 75% of them reporting an increase in their income. <\/p>\r\n<p>This model actually illustrates the impact of Decentralized Finance on micro-credit organizations, and the role of indirect financial aid provided by Mercy Corps Ventures. By creating a system where capital is both productive for the borrower and secured for the lender, this approach opens new perspectives for experiments whose object would be broader financial inclusion than the current one. However, this type of financial architecture relies on Decentralized Finance (DeFi) protocols whose security is both critical and a major stake: a bug in a smart contract, a loss of a stablecoin's peg to a fiat currency, or an attack on the computer protocol could jeopardize the system's liquidity, reminding us that these innovations remain dependent on technical infrastructures that are still young and sometimes immature.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"c86 tech\"><span class=\"tdd\">Tech deep dive<\/span>Anzi Finance is built on an EVM sidechain of the XRP Ledger blockchain. Quipu is a credit protocol for Real-World Assets (RWA). It is a decentralized platform that connects, via a protocol called Nudo, DeFi liquidity pools to real-world microfinance institutions and serves as a bridge so that capital denominated in stablecoins can be used to grant loans in local currency to micro-entrepreneurs.<\/p>\r\n<p>There are several companies and experiments that could be described as Micro-DeFi, such as Ethichub<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt170\" id=\"ftnt_ref170\">[170]<\/a><\/span>, a Spanish company that has distributed more than 600 loans totaling 5 million dollars to more than 10,000 small farmers in six countries, especially in Mexico, or Hiveonline<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt171\" id=\"ftnt_ref171\">[171]<\/a><\/span>, a platform operating in several African countries, like Mozambique and Zambia, which uses the Stellar public blockchain to create verifiable financial identities and credit histories for thousands of small farmers\u2014mainly women\u2014from community savings and credit groups.<\/p>\r\n<p>These projects nevertheless remain on a still limited scale and raise a central question: can Micro-DeFi be deployed massively without reproducing the commercial or speculative drifts that have weakened traditional microfinance, particularly when investors seek high returns rather than social impact?<\/p>\r\n<p>Thus, Micro-DeFi does not position itself as a simplistic alternative to classic microcredit or mobile money, but as a complementary infrastructure capable of reducing certain systemic biases: cost of capital, lack of reliable data, dependence on local banks, opacity of risk, or even commercial drift. It opens up real opportunities but also introduces new risks\u2014technological, financial, and social alike\u2014which must be evaluated rigorously to avoid substituting one fragile system for another.<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bef6cc bloc elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"7bef6cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"c22\">Comment sont pay\u00e9s les employ\u00e9s des h\u00f4pitaux de la r\u00e9gion du nord-ouest de la Syrie.?<\/h6>\r\n<p class=\"c22\">Dans le contexte du conflit syrien, qui a d\u00e9but\u00e9 en 2011 et a entra\u00een\u00e9 l'effondrement des infrastructures \u00e9tatiques et financi\u00e8res, la r\u00e9gion du nord-ouest de la Syrie est particuli\u00e8rement isol\u00e9e. En raison de cette situation de guerre et de l'absence quasi totale d'un syst\u00e8me bancaire formel, la plupart des employ\u00e9s des h\u00f4pitaux \u00e9taient pay\u00e9s par le biais d'un processus complexe et \u00e0 haut risque bas\u00e9 sur des esp\u00e8ces, impliquant de multiples interm\u00e9diaires. La GIZ, l'agence de coop\u00e9ration internationale allemande (Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Internationale Zusammenarbeit) envoyait d'abord les fonds sur les comptes de l'ONG internationale UOSSM en Turquie, l'Union des Organisations de Secours et Soins M\u00e9dicaux (Union of Medical Care and Relief Organization, UOSSM). Depuis ce pays frontalier, devenu la principale base arri\u00e8re de l'aide humanitaire, l'UOSSM transf\u00e9rait les fonds salariaux mensuels vers la Syrie en utilisant la Direction Nationale Turque de la Poste et du T\u00e9l\u00e9graphe, un service national qui propose des services financiers et logistiques tels que les transferts de fonds. Un membre autoris\u00e9 du personnel de l'UOSSM devait alors retirer les fonds, en esp\u00e8ces, dans une agence de la Poste turque situ\u00e9e dans le nord-ouest de la Syrie. Il les remettait ensuite \u00e0 un un agent de change local, un repr\u00e9sentant agr\u00e9\u00e9 op\u00e9rant comme point de liquidit\u00e9. Le repr\u00e9sentant de ce point de liquidit\u00e9 devait \u00e0 son tour transporter les fonds \u2014 une op\u00e9ration logistiquement lourde et p\u00e9rilleuse en zone de conflit \u2014 jusqu'aux \u00e9tablissements de sant\u00e9, o\u00f9 les salaires \u00e9taient finalement distribu\u00e9s au personnel au moyen de cartes physiques, qui servaient \u00e9galement d'attestation de paiement. Pour assurer la supervision de cette cha\u00eene de paiement manuelle, les distributions \u00e9taient effectu\u00e9es en pr\u00e9sence du comptable de l'\u00e9tablissement et d'un repr\u00e9sentant d'Innovation Consulting &amp; Solutions, une organisation tierce qui aide \u00e0 faciliter l'\u00e9quit\u00e9 dans les efforts humanitaires et de d\u00e9veloppement au Moyen-Orient et en Afrique du Nord <sup class=\"c18\"> <a id=\"ftnt_ref139\" href=\"#ftnt139\"> [139] <\/a> <\/sup> .<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d013e0f elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"d013e0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les crypto-actifs, que ce soit les stablecoins ou les cryptomonnaies, fournissent une infrastructure financi\u00e8re alternative, r\u00e9siliente et universelle. Pour le b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaire, la seule condition requise pour acc\u00e9der \u00e0 ces fonds est l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 un portefeuille de crypto-actifs, le plus souvent via un simple t\u00e9l\u00e9phone mobile. Cette simplicit\u00e9 technologique permet de contourner la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d'une identit\u00e9 civile formelle \u2013 un obstacle majeur pour les r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s, les d\u00e9plac\u00e9s internes ou les populations sans \u00e9tat civil.<\/p>\r\n<p>Pour le b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaire de cette aide d'un nouveau genre, les avantages sont nombreux. L'aide peut \u00eatre transf\u00e9r\u00e9e quasi instantan\u00e9ment du donateur \u00e0 l'individu, \u00e9liminant les d\u00e9lais inh\u00e9rents aux virements bancaires internationaux et aux processus de d\u00e9caissement complexes, qui plus est dans les situations d'urgence. Les frais de transaction sont consid\u00e9rablement r\u00e9duits par rapport aux services de transfert de fonds traditionnels, ce qui signifie qu'une plus grande proportion des dons atteint directement le b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaire. Bien que la confidentialit\u00e9 des transactions soit un aspect cl\u00e9, l'immutabilit\u00e9 et la transparence des registres distribu\u00e9s permettent, sous certaines conditions, de tracer l'origine et la destination des fonds, renfor\u00e7ant la confiance des donateurs et r\u00e9duisant les risques de d\u00e9tournement. En recevant les fonds directement dans un portefeuille de crypto-actifs, les b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaires ont la libert\u00e9 et la capacit\u00e9 de d\u00e9cider comment et quand d\u00e9penser leur argent, sans \u00eatre contraints par des programmes d'aide en nature ou des listes de fournisseurs impos\u00e9es, cette autonomie renfor\u00e7ant leur dignit\u00e9 et leur pouvoir d'agir sur leur propre situation. Le stockage des fonds dans un portefeuille de crypto-actifs \u00e9limine le besoin de transporter de grandes sommes d'argent liquide, r\u00e9duisant ainsi les risques de vol ou d'extorsion, fr\u00e9quents dans les zones de conflit ou de grande pauvret\u00e9.<\/p>\r\n<p>Enfin, pour des milliards de personnes qui \u00e9taient exclues du syst\u00e8me financier formel, les crypto-actifs offrent une passerelle vers l'inclusion financi\u00e8re.<\/p>\r\n<p>Au-del\u00e0 de l'inclusion financi\u00e8re directe, les Technologies de registre distribu\u00e9 (DLTs) offrent une solution novatrice \u00e0 un probl\u00e8me fondamental de l'exclusion sociale des personnes sans identit\u00e9 l\u00e9gale, que l'\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me des agences des Nations Unies appelle les \u00ab invisibles \u00bb comme le Haut Commissariat des Nations Unies pour les R\u00e9fugi\u00e9s (HCR) qui travaille directement avec des populations apatrides et des r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s, sont souvent d\u00e9pourvus de documents d'identit\u00e9 et donc \u00ab juridiquement invisibles <sup> <a id=\"ftnt_ref140\" href=\"#ftnt140\"> [140] <\/a> <\/sup>  \u00bb ou encore l'UNICEF, qui se concentre sur l'identit\u00e9 d\u00e8s la naissance, au motif qu'un \u00ab enfant qui n'est pas enregistr\u00e9 \u00e0 la naissance est invisible pour le gouvernement. Sans preuve d'identit\u00e9, les enfants sont souvent exclus des soins de sant\u00e9, de l'\u00e9ducation et d'autres services vitaux, et sont plus vuln\u00e9rables \u00e0 l'exploitation et aux abus <sup> <a id=\"ftnt_ref141\" href=\"#ftnt141\"> [141] <\/a> <\/sup>  \u00bb. Cette invisibilit\u00e9 touche au moins 850 millions de personnes <sup> <a id=\"ftnt_ref142\" href=\"#ftnt142\"> [142] <\/a> <\/sup>  \u00e0 travers le monde \u2013 r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s, apatrides, populations d\u00e9plac\u00e9es \u2013 qui, priv\u00e9es d'une preuve d'identit\u00e9 reconnue par un \u00c9tat, les emp\u00eache non seulement d'acc\u00e9der aux services bancaires, mais aussi aux services de sant\u00e9 essentiels, \u00e0 l'\u00e9ducation, et m\u00eame \u00e0 l'enregistrement de faits d'\u00e9tat civil, perp\u00e9tuant ainsi un cycle de vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 et de marginalisation.<\/p>\r\n<p>C'est dans ce contexte que le potentiel des identifiants d\u00e9centralis\u00e9s (Decentralised IDentifiers) et des attestations v\u00e9rifiables (Verifiable Credentials) devient v\u00e9ritablement transformateur <sup> <a id=\"ftnt_ref143\" href=\"#ftnt143\"> [143] <\/a> <\/sup> . Ces technologies permettent l'instauration d'une identit\u00e9 num\u00e9rique auto-souveraine. Les identifiants sont cr\u00e9\u00e9s et g\u00e9r\u00e9s par l\u2019utilisateur, qui en d\u00e9tient le contr\u00f4le total. Diff\u00e9rents fournisseurs de propri\u00e9t\u00e9s d\u2019identit\u00e9 peuvent ensuite fournir des attestations v\u00e9rifiables dont la preuve de la source et de l\u2019int\u00e9grit\u00e9 sont ancr\u00e9s sur une blockchain. Contrairement aux syst\u00e8mes d'identification traditionnels qui d\u00e9pendent d'une autorit\u00e9 centrale unique, cette identit\u00e9 d\u00e9centralis\u00e9e peut \u00eatre construite \u00e0 partir de multiples attestations v\u00e9rifiables qui contribuent \u00e0 forger une identit\u00e9 num\u00e9rique robuste, sans qu'aucune entit\u00e9 unique n'ait le monopole de sa validation ou de sa r\u00e9vocation. Les donn\u00e9es des attestations ne sont pas directement stock\u00e9es et expos\u00e9es sur une blockchain (qui ne contient que les traces permettant leur v\u00e9rification) mais id\u00e9alement enregistr\u00e9es localement et directement par l\u2019utilisateur lui-m\u00eame sur son wallet d\u2019identit\u00e9 d\u00e9centralis\u00e9e, limitant ainsi les fuites massives de donn\u00e9es centralis\u00e9es.<\/p>\r\n<p>En d\u00e9tenant la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 et le contr\u00f4le de sa propre identit\u00e9 num\u00e9rique, le b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaire sort de l'invisibilit\u00e9 et acquiert la capacit\u00e9 de prouver qui il est, de mani\u00e8re portable et s\u00e9curis\u00e9e, sans \u00eatre assujetti aux contraintes d'un syst\u00e8me centralis\u00e9 unique, souvent inaccessible ou d\u00e9faillant dans les zones de crise ou pour les populations vuln\u00e9rables. Cette autonomie identitaire ouvre l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l'inclusion financi\u00e8re mais peut \u00e9galement d\u00e9verrouiller l'acc\u00e8s aux soins de sant\u00e9, en permettant un historique m\u00e9dical s\u00e9curis\u00e9 et partageable ; \u00e0 l'\u00e9ducation, en authentifiant les dipl\u00f4mes et les parcours scolaires ; et m\u00eame \u00e0 des formes de participation civique et \u00e9conomique, en permettant la preuve de citoyennet\u00e9 num\u00e9rique ou de comp\u00e9tences professionnelles.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<!-- Is a headtitle --><h5 class=\"\" id=\"h.ue6wnop44e07\" class=\"c6 c11\">3.1.2 Le p\u00e9ril du crypto-colonialisme<\/h5>\r\n\r\n<p>Le d\u00e9veloppement rapide des technologies de registre distribu\u00e9 (DLTs) et des crypto-actifs dans le secteur de l'aide et de la philanthropie, s'il promet une meilleure inclusion financi\u00e8re, soul\u00e8ve \u00e9galement de s\u00e9rieuses pr\u00e9occupations quant \u00e0 la reproduction des dynamiques de pouvoir historiques, un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne d\u00e9sign\u00e9 par la critique comme le crypto-colonialisme <sup> <a id=\"ftnt_ref144\" href=\"#ftnt144\"> [144] <\/a> <\/sup> .<\/p>\r\n<p>La critique du colonialisme num\u00e9rique cible un syst\u00e8me social o\u00f9 un nombre restreint d'acteurs influents, souvent des entreprises technologiques, op\u00e8rent \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle mondiale et exercent une concentration in\u00e9gale du pouvoir <sup> <a id=\"ftnt_ref145\" href=\"#ftnt145\"> [145] <\/a> <\/sup> . Ce syst\u00e8me se caract\u00e9rise par l'extraction de profits, de donn\u00e9es, de travail et de ressources naturelles, tout en imposant des normes culturelles et en assurant une d\u00e9pendance aux produits, le tout justifi\u00e9 par un discours de progr\u00e8s et de bienveillance <sup> <a id=\"ftnt_ref146\" href=\"#ftnt146\"> [146] <\/a> <\/sup> .<\/p>\r\n<p>Le terme \u00ab crypto-colonialisme \u00bb d\u00e9crit sp\u00e9cifiquement les processus n\u00e9o-coloniaux o\u00f9 la technologie blockchain facilite de nouvelles formes d'appropriation des ressources des pays du Sud global pour catalyser la croissance \u00e9conomique ailleurs. Le Sud global se r\u00e9f\u00e8re aux r\u00e9gions qui subissent toujours les effets de l\u2019expansion coloniale pass\u00e9e <sup> <a id=\"ftnt_ref147\" href=\"#ftnt147\"> [147] <\/a> <\/sup> .<\/p>\r\n<p>Bien que pr\u00e9sent\u00e9es comme des solutions pour l'aide et l'am\u00e9lioration des conditions de vie, les technologies num\u00e9riques, y compris l'usage de crypto-actifs, risquent d'amplifier les formes historiques de colonisation et de maintenir les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s de pouvoir <sup> <a id=\"ftnt_ref148\" href=\"#ftnt148\"> [148] <\/a> <\/sup> .  <\/p>\r\n<p>L'une des illustrations les plus souvent cit\u00e9es du crypto-colonialisme est celle de Porto Rico, \u00e9tudi\u00e9e <sup> <a id=\"ftnt_ref149\" href=\"#ftnt149\"> [149] <\/a> <\/sup>  \u00e0 la suite de l'ouragan Maria ayant frapp\u00e9 l'\u00eele en septembre 2017, notamment par Naomie Klein. La promesse de d\u00e9centralisation de la blockchain a \u00e9t\u00e9 instrumentalis\u00e9e par de riches investisseurs pour y tester la technologie \u00e0 l'\u00e9chelle d'un \u00c9tat, selon des objectifs qu'ils avaient eux-m\u00eames d\u00e9finis. Ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne est motiv\u00e9 par l'optimisation fiscale et la promesse de transformer la r\u00e9gion, ce qui tend \u00e0 relativiser l'objectif philanthropique affich\u00e9. Les discours tenus par les investisseurs construisent la population locale comme un \u00ab autre <sup> <a id=\"ftnt_ref150\" href=\"#ftnt150\"> [150] <\/a> <\/sup>  \u00bb colonial et sous-d\u00e9velopp\u00e9, par nature dans le besoin, dont l'\u00e9conomie doit \u00eatre assist\u00e9e par des \u00ab grands esprits <sup> <a id=\"ftnt_ref151\" href=\"#ftnt151\"> [151] <\/a> <\/sup>  \u00bb ext\u00e9rieurs pour passer d'une \u00e9conomie agraire \u00e0 une \u00e9conomie de l'information. Cette dynamique maintient et reproduit la relation de domination coloniale existante.<\/p>\r\n<p>L'utilisation de blockchains priv\u00e9es dans l'aide humanitaire s'inscrit dans un sch\u00e9ma qui n'est pas sans rappeler les \u00e9cueils de l'aide traditionnelle. Des chercheurs <sup> <a id=\"ftnt_ref152\" href=\"#ftnt152\"> [152] <\/a> <\/sup>  soulignent que l'absence de normes communes de protection des donn\u00e9es et l'immunit\u00e9 juridique des institutions de l'ONU cr\u00e9ent des \u00ab failles d\u2019externalisation <sup> <a id=\"ftnt_ref153\" href=\"#ftnt153\"> [153] <\/a> <\/sup>  \u00bb, outsourcing loopholes. Ces failles permettent aux entreprises technologiques de tester de nouvelles solutions, comme la biom\u00e9trie ou encore les Technologies de registre distribu\u00e9 (DLTs), souvent priv\u00e9s, sur les populations d\u00e9plac\u00e9es sans encourir de responsabilit\u00e9 directe.<\/p>\r\n<p>Dans certains programmes humanitaires utilisant la blockchain, tels que ceux impliquant le Haut Commissariat aux R\u00e9fugi\u00e9s et le Programme alimentaire mondial avec des entreprises priv\u00e9es, il y a un risque de \u00ab financiarisation <sup> <a id=\"ftnt_ref154\" href=\"#ftnt154\"> [154] <\/a> <\/sup>  \u00bb des informations sur les personnes d\u00e9plac\u00e9es, leurs donn\u00e9es \u00e9tant converties en empreintes num\u00e9riques utilis\u00e9es pour la v\u00e9rification et les transactions.<\/p>\r\n<p>Le projet de crypto-actifs biom\u00e9triques Worldcoin est un autre exemple repr\u00e9sentatif de cette probl\u00e9matique <sup> <a id=\"ftnt_ref155\" href=\"#ftnt155\"> [155] <\/a> <\/sup> . L'entreprise cible les populations fragiles et les territoires non r\u00e9glement\u00e9s du Sud global par des strat\u00e9gies promotionnelles agressives, offrant de l'argent soit en monnaie locale, soit en crypto-actifs en \u00e9change de la collecte de donn\u00e9es biom\u00e9triques qui consiste en un scan de l'iris, mais \u00e9galement du visage <sup> <a id=\"ftnt_ref156\" href=\"#ftnt156\"> [156] <\/a> <\/sup> . Ce processus vise \u00e0 capter des march\u00e9s et \u00e0 extraire des donn\u00e9es pr\u00e9cieuses en se pr\u00e9sentant comme une forme d\u2019\u00ab aide sociale..\u00bb.<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b326f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"7b326f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- headtitle here -->\r\n<h2 id=\"h.uiecnwbgjbzz\">Part 2: How are crypto-assets deployed for philanthropic purposes?<\/h2>\r\n<p>After exploring the reasons why Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) are redefining philanthropy, this chapter focuses on examining the concrete mechanisms by which crypto-assets are employed in the service of philanthropy and charity. We will address the practical transformations induced by these new tools on donation modalities by distinguishing two fundamental approaches. The first, which we will term direct philanthropy, concerns transactional value transfers, whether peer-to-peer or via intermediated platforms. The second, termed indirect philanthropy, relies on more innovative models where it is no longer the capital that is donated, but the yield it generates. Analyzing these different modalities will highlight how Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) are reconfiguring traditional donation channels and paving the way for new forms of solidarity.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<!-- headtitle here -->\r\n<h3 id=\"h.k3xrmagc4261\">Chapter 4: Crypto-asset donation mechanisms<\/h3>\r\n<p>Distinguishing between direct transfers and indirect financing mechanisms, how are crypto-assets deployed for philanthropic purposes? The first section (4.1) is devoted to direct or transactional philanthropy. We will describe the functioning of crypto-asset donations, highlighting why the majority of non-profit organizations favor intermediated donations via specialized platforms. The second section (4.2) will analyze indirect philanthropy, which uses Web3-specific financial mechanisms to generate funds without requiring capital divestment by the donor or through other innovative modalities.<\/p>\r\n<h4 id=\"h.aq0vup6q0njp\">4.1 Direct philanthropy: Transactional donations and micro-donations<\/h4>\r\n<p>Direct donation of crypto-assets is the most common method in the realm of crypto-philanthropy and accounts for the majority of funds collected. But since the nature of a crypto-asset is to be self-held via a crypto-asset wallet, a non-profit organization must choose to accept donations directly and manage this wallet itself, or go through an intermediary's wallet. This section clarifies these two main transactional models: the custodial route, i.e., an intermediated donation channel handled by a third party (4.1.1); and the non-custodial route, i.e., without an intermediary, peer-to-peer (4.1.2), which would realize the ideal of direct aid and financial sovereignty between donor and beneficiary.<\/p>\r\n<h5 id=\"h.gvl7mshj0z1\">4.1.1 Intermediated donations, the custodial route<\/h5>\r\n<p>In 2013, the first crypto-asset donation campaign led by Save the Children operated towards a wallet address managed by a crypto payment processor, which handled the immediate conversion of crypto donations into US dollars and their subsequent transfer to Save the Children's bank accounts, while taking a commission in the process. Today in 2026, Save the Children has formalized this process and works with platforms like The Giving Block and the centralized exchange (CEX) Gemini to manage donations in around one hundred different cryptocurrencies, but the principle of using a third party to simplify the process, avoid volatility, and comply with financial flow regulations remains the same as in 2013.<\/p>\r\n<p>Today, the vast majority of major non-profit organizations\u2014whether based in France, like UNICEF France, CCFD-Terre Solidaire, or Association S\u0153ur Emmanuelle; or American, like the American Cancer Society, CARE, WWF, Save The Children, Earthjustice, UNICEF, or The Water Project\u2014prefer outsourcing donation management to specialized payment processors such as, in the US, The Giving Block, JustGiving, or Endaoment (see infra), or in France, Lyzi \/ Vadato or Cryptodephi.<\/p>\r\n<p>This approach of automatic conversion by a qualified third party offers technical simplicity: a simple button on a website, a mobile application, or a link in a message or email suffices without having to worry about the technical complexity related to securing private keys or managing wallets. generally, the provider instantly converts each donation into fiat currency, thereby guaranteeing a stable and predictable amount for budget planning purposes. Another advantage for the organization lies in the simplification of accounting, tax, and regulatory compliance, handled by the provider, ensuring that all operations respect current standards, including fund traceability, which considerably lightens the enterprise's administrative burden. In some cases, as with the solution carried by Lyzi \/ Vadato, a tax ruling from the regulator validates the flow scheme and grants a \"moment of reason\"<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt172\" id=\"ftnt_ref172\">[172]<\/a><\/span> to the crypto donation, allowing for the consideration that the beneficiary has not received crypto-assets (see supra). This process resolves the issue of crypto-asset custody, calculation of capital gains or losses related to their conversion, and crypto accounting for non-profit organizations.<\/p>\r\n<p>Initially designed as simple payment processors for crypto-asset donations, these platforms have progressively evolved and now offer a range of integrated services including automatic conversion into fiat currency, regulatory compliance management (KYC\/AML), issuance of tax receipts, and even marketing tools to reach the crypto donor community. The acquisition in March 2022 of The Giving Block, the sector leader, by Shift4<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt173\" id=\"ftnt_ref173\">[173]<\/a><\/span>, a payment solutions giant processing over 200 billion dollars annually, marks a turning point in the professionalization and consolidation of the intermediated crypto donation management market, and is now integrated into the traditional, centralized financial infrastructure.<\/p>\r\n<h5 id=\"h.rzibwr4v3g64\">4.1.2 Donation without intermediary, peer-to-peer, the non-custodial route<\/h5>\r\n<p>This approach allows an Organization to hold its own private keys and use its own wallets, often via solutions such as hardware wallets like Ledger or Trezor, or self-hosted software like BTCPay Server<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt174\" id=\"ftnt_ref174\">[174]<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<p>This approach allows an NGO to hold its own private keys and use its own wallets, often via solutions such as hardware wallets or open-source and self-hosted software like BTCPay Server. This offers several major advantages: ideological alignment and censorship resistance, particularly crucial for human rights or freedom of expression organizations, because the absence of a financial intermediary guarantees the impossibility of freezing or seizing donations. The organization can theoretically receive donations from all over the world.<\/p>\r\n<p>Furthermore, this method can decrease transaction fees, if those required for a transfer on the selected blockchain are lower than those of a payment provider, maximizing the impact of each donation. Direct management also promotes increased transparency; the NGO can choose to publish its wallet addresses, allowing donors to publicly track financial flows on the blockchain used. Finally, this method ensures operational autonomy, offering unequaled agility and speed of action to transfer funds directly to the field in crisis contexts where traditional banking systems are failing.<\/p>\r\n<p>A few actors, such as the Human Rights Foundation (HRF) or UNICEF, have chosen to manage these crypto-assets without an intermediary. A figurehead of this movement, the Human Rights Foundation does not just accept Bitcoin but is a fervent promoter of it as a tool for financial freedom for dissidents and activists. The organization uses its own instance of BTCPay Server, an open-source and self-hosted payment processor. This approach allows it to receive donations directly into its crypto-asset wallets, without an intermediary, without fees, and while protecting donor privacy. For the Human Rights Foundation, resorting to a centralized third-party service would go against its mission, and self-determinism and financial sovereignty are principles it defends and applies, going so far as to manage a development fund, the Bitcoin Development Fund<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt175\" id=\"ftnt_ref175\">[175]<\/a><\/span>, which finances open-source projects.<\/p>\r\n<p>This direct approach falls within the legacy of other organizations motivated by the cypherpunk<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt176\" id=\"ftnt_ref176\">[176]<\/a><\/span> spirit and the fundamental right to privacy. WikiLeaks was one of the first and most famous examples, having adopted Bitcoin out of necessity as early as 2011 following a financial blockade orchestrated by traditional banking institutions and credit card operators. As early as 2011, this early adoption highlighted Bitcoin's potential as a tool for circumventing financial restrictions and strengthened its legitimacy as an alternative to conventional payment systems.<\/p>\r\n<p>WikiLeaks' experience demonstrated the resilience and capacity of crypto-assets to support controversial causes, thus laying the groundwork for its future use in philanthropy and international aid contexts, even if, subsequently, Bitcoin suffered for a long time from a sulfurous image.<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"bloc\">\r\n  <h6 id=\"h.v73u9hx3wqp3\">The Human Rights Foundation <br>and Bitcoin donations<\/h6>\r\n  <p>In order to guarantee total sovereignty over its financial flows and maximum privacy for its donors, the Human Rights Foundation uses BTCPay Server, an open-source and self-hosted crypto-asset payment processor. This solution, recognized for its security, its absence of fees, and its resistance to any form of censorship, allows for receiving Bitcoin donations directly, including via the Lightning Network for instant and low-cost transactions. The Lightning Network is a peer-to-peer payment protocol, a layer-two application built on the Bitcoin blockchain. Described in 2015 by Joseph Poon and Thaddeus Dryja, it allows for direct off-chain exchanges of bitcoins, without transaction confirmations. These transactions are fast, near-free, and handle very small sums. Users can perform numerous transactions and, upon closing the channel, the final balance is recorded on the Bitcoin blockchain.<\/p>\r\n  <p>The organization also offers the option to donate via PayJoin<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt177\" id=\"ftnt_ref177\">[177]<\/a><\/span>, a protocol that merges the donor's and recipient's transactions, thereby making the exact payment amount and the origin of funds much more difficult to trace on the blockchain, offering a superior level of discretion.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h4 id=\"h.ji0vj54nynp1\">4.2 Indirect philanthropy: Yield donation or capital donation<\/h4>\r\n<p>Indirect crypto-philanthropy relies on sophisticated Web3 financial mechanisms that transform the very act of giving and whose philosophy is articulated between yield donation (4.2.1) and deferred capital donation (4.2.2). In the first case, donors generate revenue for philanthropy while retaining their crypto-assets through Impact Liquid Staking, Automatic Public Goods Funding (AutoPGF), and crypto-asset sharing funds. In the second case, a financial vehicle receives the crypto-asset capital to manage, grow, and distribute it later. This refers to Donor-Advised Funds (DAF).<\/p>\r\n<h5 id=\"h.vzuyej6t2mt5\">4.2.1 Yield donation, financial support without depleting capital<\/h5>\r\n<p>Impact Liquid Staking, Automatic Public Goods Funding (AutoPGF), and crypto-asset underlying Sharing Funds are three mechanisms that allow crypto-asset holders to direct revenue or interest toward solidarity actors.<\/p>\r\n<p>At the heart of the decentralized digital economy emerges a new kind of financial mechanism: \"Impact Liquid Staking\". This innovation, specific to Web3, inaugurates a new type of philanthropic donation by allowing for the generation of continuous financial support for causes of general interest, without depleting the donor's capital. To grasp the scope of this model, it is necessary to break down its three components: staking, its liquid version, and finally its application to social impact.<\/p>\r\n<p>Staking is the cornerstone of the security of certain public blockchains, notably Ethereum. In these decentralized digital ledgers, devoid of a central authority to validate transactions, trust must be established collectively. This is the role of the consensus mechanism. The most widespread, \"Proof-of-Stake\", invites users to become guardians of the network. To do this, a participant must \"stake\"\u2014that is, immobilize or more precisely \"put at stake\"\u2014capital locked in a smart contract. This immobilized capital acts as a deposit because, in exchange for their honest work validating transactions, the user is remunerated with rewards paid in the network's native crypto-asset. But if they were to act maliciously, they would lose their staked funds. This system guarantees the network's integrity but presents the constraint of freezing the user's capital, which can no longer be used elsewhere. It is to address this immobilization that \"liquid staking\" was designed. Specialized protocols, such as Lido<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt178\" id=\"ftnt_ref178\">[178]<\/a><\/span> or Rocket Pool<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt179\" id=\"ftnt_ref179\">[179]<\/a><\/span>, act as staking cooperatives. They allow users to deposit any amount of crypto-assets, pooling funds to reach required thresholds. In return, the user receives a liquid staking token (LST), such as stETH. This new token is a sort of digital receipt representing the claim on the asset initially staked. It continues to accumulate staking rewards, but crucially, it remains \"liquid\"\u2014meaning it can be sold, exchanged, or used as collateral in other Decentralized Finance (DeFi) applications, thus unlocking the value of the locked capital.<\/p>\r\n<p>\"Impact Liquid Staking\", finally, constitutes the last step of this architecture. The principle is elegantly simple. It involves automatically redirecting the rewards generated by liquid staking to the crypto-asset wallet of a non-profit organization. The donor's capital remains intact and available, while the continuous flow of interest becomes a perpetual donation. The most emblematic application of Impact Liquid Staking is the \"Stake2Care\"<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt180\" id=\"ftnt_ref180\">[180]<\/a><\/span> initiative launched by the Swiss branch of M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res (MSF) to diversify its funding sources and reach a new generation of donors. Through a dedicated interface<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt181\" id=\"ftnt_ref181\">[181]<\/a><\/span>, supporters\u2014indirect donors\u2014can stake their ETH and direct the yields to MSF's humanitarian actions, ensuring the NGO a regular and predictable source of income while strengthening its financial independence. As Mario Stephan, Head of Diversification and Impact within the philanthropy unit of M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res Switzerland, explains, \"Stake2Care marks a departure from traditional philanthropy; instead of donations, M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res offers wealth co-creation to its new supporters: a paradigm shift for the organization, conscious of new generational realities.\"<\/p>\r\n<p>This model was quickly adopted by other major organizations, including Giga<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt182\" id=\"ftnt_ref182\">[182]<\/a><\/span>, a UNICEF initiative, GiveDirectly<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt183\" id=\"ftnt_ref183\">[183]<\/a><\/span>, Mercy Corps Ventures<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt184\" id=\"ftnt_ref184\">[184]<\/a><\/span>, and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt185\" id=\"ftnt_ref185\">[185]<\/a><\/span> (UNHCR). They benefit from the interest generated by the 10 to 80 ETH staked to date on their respective crypto-asset wallets<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt186\" id=\"ftnt_ref186\">[186]<\/a><\/span>. By transforming the security of a computer network into a funding engine for the common good, Impact Liquid Staking inaugurates a form of \"regenerative philanthropy\". It allows any digital asset holder to become an actor in this regenerative philanthropy, transforming a technical act\u2014securing a network\u2014into a sustainable source of funding for general interest causes.<\/p>\r\n<p>Another innovative indirect donation mechanism is AutoPGF. Automatic Public Goods Funding (AutoPGF) is another form of indirect donation pioneered by Glo Dollar<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt187\" id=\"ftnt_ref187\">[187]<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<p>The Glo Dollar is a stablecoin, meaning a crypto-asset whose value is designed to be stable and track the US dollar. Like other popular stablecoins such as Tether's USDT or Circle's USDC, each USDGLO (Glo Dollar) in circulation is backed by an equivalent reserve in US dollars and\/or US Treasury bills. This means that for every Glo Dollar issued, there is at least one dollar in reserve, and holders can always redeem it at par. The unique feature of the Glo Dollar, which claims to \"give more than 3,000 dollars a month to organizations driving real change,\"<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt188\" id=\"ftnt_ref188\">[188]<\/a><\/span> is its \"embedded philanthropic mission.\" While companies issuing traditional stablecoins generate billions of dollars in revenue from interest earned on their reserves, the Glo Dollar donates 100% of the profits generated by its US Treasury bills to charities and to fund charitable organizations, many of which belong to the Web3 ecosystem.<\/p>\r\n<p>In other words, simply by holding or using Glo Dollars, users passively contribute to funding general interest causes without having to make a direct donation. This is what the project calls \"Automatic Public Goods Funding\" (AutoPGF). Concretely, a user converts dollars into Glo Dollars (USDGLO), increasing the reserves invested by Brale, the issuing company of the Glo Dollar, in US Treasury bills. The interest generated, after deduction of fees<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt189\" id=\"ftnt_ref189\">[189]<\/a><\/span>, is donated to the Glo Foundation. Glo Dollar holders vote (1 USDGLO = 1 vote) to allocate these funds to organizations like Celo Public Goods<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt190\" id=\"ftnt_ref190\">[190]<\/a><\/span>, which in turn redistributes to GoodDollar<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt191\" id=\"ftnt_ref191\">[191]<\/a><\/span> (Universal Basic Income), Ubeswap<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt192\" id=\"ftnt_ref192\">[192]<\/a><\/span> (Decentralized Exchange), GainForest<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt193\" id=\"ftnt_ref193\">[193]<\/a><\/span> (Forest Conservation via AI), Regen Coordination<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt194\" id=\"ftnt_ref194\">[194]<\/a><\/span> &amp; ReFi Medellin<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt195\" id=\"ftnt_ref195\">[195]<\/a><\/span>, or GiveDirectly<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt196\" id=\"ftnt_ref196\">[196]<\/a><\/span>, an NGO specializing in direct cash transfers to people living in poverty.<\/p>\r\n<p>Finally, the emergence of crypto-asset underlying Sharing Funds inaugurates a new type of philanthropic funding inspired by a model that has existed in France for four decades. In 1983, Cr\u00e9dit Coop\u00e9ratif launched the \"Faim et D\u00e9veloppement\" (Hunger and Development) Sharing Fund, which relied on a voluntary assignment of a portion of the profits generated to a partner NGO, such as CCFD-Terre Solidaire, without the investor having to deplete their initial capital. Having become one of the pillars of solidarity finance and framed as early as 1997 by the Finansol label<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt197\" id=\"ftnt_ref197\">[197]<\/a><\/span>, this historic mechanism finds today, through crypto-asset underlying sharing funds, a new variation adapted to digital assets.<\/p>\r\n<p>In this configuration, the investor, driven by an impact strategy, allocates capital to a Sharing Fund\u2014such as the Empreinte Fund, structured by Tilvest<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt198\" id=\"ftnt_ref198\">[198]<\/a><\/span> and co-managed by BoGe Partners<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt199\" id=\"ftnt_ref199\">[199]<\/a><\/span> and Vadato<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt200\" id=\"ftnt_ref200\">[200]<\/a><\/span>. Like its equivalent in traditional finance, this mechanism relies on a revenue assignment clause indicating that, upon subscription, the investor contractually consents to redistribute a fraction of the performance generated to a general interest cause. By way of illustration, the Empreinte Fund applies a distribution key where 30% of gains are retroceded to the eponymous endowment fund, working notably for biodiversity and civic awakening, while the remaining 70% ensures the investor's remuneration and will be integrated into their taxable income base.<\/p>\r\n<p>The economic viability and impact of this model rely intrinsically on the performance of the underlying crypto-asset management, which will allow, in the event of a gain, the generation of philanthropic flows\u2014sometimes recurrent, comparable to the yield structure of an evergreen fund\u2014while preserving financial attractiveness for subscribers.<\/p>\r\n<h5 id=\"h.qdy95b4vr4vz\">4.2.2 Capital donation for deferred and amplified impact<\/h5>\r\n<p>The On-chain Crypto Donor-Advised Fund (DAF), for its part, is a financial vehicle allowing crypto-asset holders to donate capital in order to benefit from immediate tax advantages and plan the distribution of impact over the long term.<\/p>\r\n<p>In the United States, a Donor-Advised Fund (DAF) is a personal philanthropic savings account hosted by a large charitable organization. A donor irrevocably pays funds into it to obtain an immediate tax benefit, then these funds are invested to grow. Subsequently, the donor recommends grants from this account to qualified non-profits of their choice, at a time that suits them. The closest concept in France until 2025 was that of the \"sheltered foundation\" (Fondation abrit\u00e9e), also called \"fund under aegis\" (Fonds sous \u00e9gide), within a host foundation (Fondation abritante). For example, an individual, a family, or a company makes a significant donation\u2014often starting from a few tens of thousands of euros\u2014to a large host foundation, such as the Fondation de France. This donation is irrevocable and entitles the donor to an immediate tax reduction. This donation allows for the creation of a sheltered foundation bearing the name chosen by the donor. The host foundation takes charge of the entire administrative, accounting, legal, and financial management, and invests the capital. The donor (or their family) is a member of the executive committee of their sheltered foundation. This committee is the decision-making body for choosing projects to support and associations to fund, in accordance with the philanthropic object defined at its constitution. The donor's role is therefore that of a true decision-maker, far beyond a simple advisory opinion.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"usecase-start\">Endaoment's value proposition, created in the United States in 2019 by Robbie Heeger, is to offer this same service for crypto-asset holders, in order to dissociate the timing of the donation's taxation from the moment it is paid to an association. Endaoment, a US 501(c)(3) non-profit organization, acts as a sort of simplified personal foundation that links it to the realm of indirect philanthropy. The mechanism is as follows: a donor creates their personal fund on the platform by depositing crypto-assets, such as Bitcoin or Ether. This transaction, recorded on a public blockchain, is considered an irrevocable gift to Endaoment, allowing the donor to immediately benefit from tax advantages on the full value of the asset, without incurring capital gains tax. The platform then handles the conversion of these assets into dollars. <\/p>\r\n<p>The donor can then, from their dollar balance, recommend grants to one of the 1.8 million charitable organizations registered in the United States. Crypto-asset donations are immediately converted into USDC stablecoins to preserve their value at the time the tax receipt is issued, and the donation capital is then secured in a \"charitable savings account,\" separate from the donor's personal finances, but not yet allocated to a final cause.<\/p>\r\n<p>The figures attest to the fit of this model with market needs. In October 2025, Endaoment facilitated over 250 million dollars in donations since its launch. This sum was channeled via more than 3,000 personalized funds, created by individuals or companies in the Web3 ecosystem. In total, over 4,000 distinct charitable organizations received funding, ranging from large international NGOs to small local associations that would never have had the technical means to accept crypto-asset donations directly.<\/p>\r\n<p>In addition to these Donor-Advised Funds, Endaoment launched in June 2023, in partnership with Gitcoin, another notable innovation: the Universal Impact Pool (UIP)<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt201\" id=\"ftnt_ref201\">[201]<\/a><\/span>. It is a \"common pot,\" or matching fund, intended to support all non-profit organizations on the platform. Its originality lies not in the collection of this fund, but in its distribution method, which relies on quadratic funding<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt202\" id=\"ftnt_ref202\">[202]<\/a><\/span>. This method uses direct community donations, regardless of their size, as a signal to determine how to allocate the common pot. Concretely, the mathematical formula employed gives more weight to the number of unique donors than to the total amount they contributed. Thus, a project benefiting from broad popular support\u2014for example, 100 donors giving \u20ac1 each\u2014will receive a much larger share of the matching fund than a project having collected the same sum, \u20ac100, from a single donor. This approach aims to democratize resource allocation by prioritizing the breadth of community consensus over the financial weight of a few individuals.<\/p>\r\n<p>Beyond its role as a financial intermediary, Endaoment itself operates as a DAO. The platform's governance is not ensured by a traditional board of directors, but by a community of token holders who vote on strategic directions, the fee structure\u2014which is minimal, around 0.5%\u2014and new features. This decentralized governance aims to ensure that the organization remains aligned with the interests of its user community. In the US, the platform has become an essential wealth transmission tool between the digital economy and the non-profit sector, demonstrating the integration of crypto-assets into the field of philanthropy.<\/p>\r\n<p>While Endaoment was the precursor in the United States of crypto Donor-Advised Funds, and particularly those built on a public blockchain, on-chain, other organizations have followed suit, such as The Giving Block, which is, however, a technology service provider for associations, enabling them notably to accept crypto-asset donations, sometimes integrating Donor-Advised Fund features. Every.org<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt203\" id=\"ftnt_ref203\">[203]<\/a><\/span>, a US 501(c)(3) association, is also a sort of intermediary whose platform handles converting donations into dollars and sending them to the association chosen by the donor. Traditional Donor-Advised Funds, like Fidelity Charitable<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt204\" id=\"ftnt_ref204\">[204]<\/a><\/span> or Schwab Charitable<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt205\" id=\"ftnt_ref205\">[205]<\/a><\/span>, are starting to integrate solutions to accept crypto-assets, often in partnership with specialized companies. However, Endaoment stands out for its crypto-first and decentralized approach, where the entire donation lifecycle can remain on a public blockchain.<\/p>\r\n<p>Indirect crypto-philanthropy thus relies on financial mechanisms inherent to Web3 and profoundly transforms the very act of giving and receiving.<\/p>\r\n<h6 id=\"h.rl2r27rp2wnl\">Comparative table of Impact Liquid Staking <br>AutoPGF \/ Crypto Donor-Advised Funds \/ Sharing Funds<\/h6>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-232db57 report-table elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"232db57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<table>\r\n  <thead>\r\n    <tr><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p><\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>Impact Liquid Staking<br\/>(e.g., MSF)<\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>AutoPGF<br\/>(Glo Dollar)<\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>Sharing Funds <br>(e.g., Empreinte)<\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>Donor-Advised Fund<br\/>(e.g., Endaoment)<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\r\n  <\/thead>\r\n  <tbody>\r\n    <tr><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>Underlying Asset<\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>PoS Crypto-assets (e.g., ETH)<\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>Fiat currency reserves (USD)<\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>Share of management yield on crypto-assets<\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>Cash, stocks, Cryptocurrency, etc. (crypto and traditional assets)<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\r\n    <tr><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>Nature<\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>Philanthropic<\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>Philanthropic<\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>Investment + Philanthropic<\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>Philanthropic<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\r\n    <tr><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>Source of Funds<\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>Staking rewards (blockchain security)<\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>Interest on <br>Treasury bills<\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>Shared investment yields<\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>Investment yields (DeFi)<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\r\n    <tr><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>Beneficiary<\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>A charitable organization (MSF) or a chosen cause<\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>Public goods and charities (voted by the community)<\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>Endowment funds or other non-profit organizations<\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>Charities (chosen by the donor)<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\r\n    <tr><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>Capital Status<\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>User retains initial capital (yield is donated)<\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>User retains capital (stable stablecoin value)<\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>User retains capital and donates a fraction of the yield<\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>Capital is donated irrevocably<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\r\n    <tr><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>Example \/ Action<\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>Stake ETH via \"Stake2Care\"; rewards are sent to MSF.<\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>Hold USDGLO. Reserve profits fund causes.<\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>Ongoing.<\/p><\/td><td colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><p>Contribute 1 BTC to a crypto DAF, convert it, grow it, then distribute it to NGOs.<\/p><\/td><\/tr>\r\n  <\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b28f27e elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b28f27e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- headtitle here -->\r\n<h3 id=\"h.yuxvnf1m0v0n\">Chapter 5: Towards programmable, verifiable, and measurable aid?<\/h3>\r\n<p>This chapter explores how the programmable and verifiable nature of crypto-assets, whose transaction ledger is anchored in a public blockchain, transforms not only funding but also the structure and distribution of humanitarian and development aid. The first section (5.1) focuses on programmable and verifiable aid that uses smart contracts and external data, Oracles, to automatically trigger payments. We will also analyze the importance of Verifiable Credentials and Decentralized Identifiers as tools for secure identification and rapid aid deployment. The second section (5.2) focuses on impact measurement and describes retrospective (ex-post) funding models and impact tokenization, which aims to create a new class of tradable digital assets representing verified social impacts or \"outcomes.\"<\/p>\r\n<h4 id=\"h.t231pykninm\">5.1 Programmable and verifiable aid<\/h4>\r\n<p>One of the most transformative characteristics of Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) is their ability to make aid programmable via smart contracts, allowing for automated and conditional distribution. We illustrate this concept with anticipatory and conditional aid (5.1.1), which triggers funds automatically based on verified external thresholds, such as climate shocks, drastically reducing payment times. We then analyze the role of Verifiable Credentials and Decentralized Identifiers (5.1.2) as secure identification tools.<\/p>\r\n<h5 id=\"h.kc95cvp1v1b6\">5.1.1 Anticipatory and conditional aid<\/h5>\r\n<p>The humanitarian sector is closely looking at new intervention models, known as Anticipatory Action (AA), particularly in the face of intensifying climate crises and shrinking funding. The value proposition of the Anticipatory Action model is to provide assistance and aid before a disaster occurs, in order to strengthen community resilience and reduce overall intervention costs; pilots have already taken place in Nepal and Kenya. For Sandra Uwantege Hart, Humanitarian Lab Lead at Mercy Corps Ventures, \"innovation is something the humanitarian sector has been notoriously bad at; it is very slow to adapt, like any big bureaucracy.\"<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt206\" id=\"ftnt_ref206\">[206]<\/a><\/span> Yet, the very functioning of Anticipatory Action relies on three interdependent components: a financial fund, dynamic data, and a triggering algorithm, the orchestration of which must happen as far upstream of a crisis as possible.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"usecase-start\">In Nepal, one of the countries most exposed to natural disasters, the startup Rumsan has developed an innovative solution, Rahat, currently built on a private network derived from Ethereum. Financially supported by the GSM Association<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt207\" id=\"ftnt_ref207\">[207]<\/a><\/span> Innovation Fund, this project involves deploying an early warning and automated financial aid distribution system in the Terai region, an area particularly vulnerable to floods. It turns out that during sudden crises, traditional aid mechanisms are often slow and complex, struggling to reach populations in time. The Rahat platform was designed to address this issue by linking flood forecasting data to smart contracts. When sensors and data analytics signal a high risk, the system triggers automatically, sending warning messages via SMS and voice messaging to threatened households, while simultaneously distributing pre-allocated crypto-assets representing direct financial aid.<\/p>\r\n<p>This approach is a game-changer. During an activation in September 2024, the system allowed for the distribution of 85,000 dollars to 774 households and the sending of 4,500 warning messages in just a few hours, right before the floods arrived. By shifting from a reactive model to anticipatory action, Rumsan aims to offer communities the means to prepare, secure their assets, and meet their immediate needs, thereby considerably reducing the human and material impact of the disaster. The success of this initiative does not rely solely on technology. From the start, the project adopted a user-centered design, directly involving local communities, municipalities, and humanitarian partners like the Danish and Nepal Red Cross. Collaborative workshops helped refine the solution to precisely meet field challenges. Aware of digital risks, Rumsan also conducted a vast financial literacy training program for over 800 people, strengthening beneficiary confidence and autonomy regarding these innovative tools.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"c86 tech\"><span class=\"tdd\">Tech deep dive<\/span>Rahat operates on a permissioned private blockchain, a private Ethereum network, EVM compatible. The infrastructure recently evolved towards a microservices architecture with a monorepo backend to improve scalability and maintenance. For users, Rahat provides a wallet accessible via basic mobile phones thanks to QR codes or One-Time Passwords (OTP), ensuring inclusivity. When a beneficiary wants to access their wallet or validate a payment, the Rahat system sends them an OTP via SMS\u2014for example, 482159\u2014to their phone, which they communicate to the humanitarian agent or merchant to prove their identity and authorize the transaction. To improve security and fund management for humanitarian agencies, a recent update funded by UNICEF integrates multi-signature wallets of the SAFE type.<\/p>\r\n<p>Another example of Anticipatory Action (AA) is in the Horn of Africa\u2014Kenya, Somalia, Ethiopia\u2014where pastoralist communities are bearing the full brunt of climate change effects and experiencing extreme weather phenomena, alternating between prolonged droughts, sometimes lasting over three years, and erratic rains causing floods<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt208\" id=\"ftnt_ref208\">[208]<\/a><\/span>. This environmental instability has devastating consequences. Pasture degradation leads to massive livestock loss\u2014the main source of income and subsistence for these communities\u2014and triggers a domino effect impacting food security, health, and livelihoods. This inevitably exacerbates tensions and can lead to conflicts between different communities, such as the Maasai, Samburu, and Turkana, explain Benson (Njuguna) Mbuthia<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt209\" id=\"ftnt_ref209\">[209]<\/a><\/span>, Chief Product Manager at Fortune Credit, Kennedy Ng\u2019an\u2019ga, CEO and founder of Shamba Network, and Wladimir Weinbender, co-founder of DIVA Protocol and founding member of the DIVA Donate initiative.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"usecase-start\">All three are behind a pilot project, conducted in collaboration with Mercy Corps Ventures, to evaluate a program titled \"Anticipatory Cash Transfers for Climate Shocks.\" This program was intended for vulnerable livestock farming communities in Kenya and consisted of paying them financial aid programmatically, thus transforming the traditional humanitarian aid model by moving from a reactive approach to a proactive, or \"anticipatory,\" one. For Wladimir Weinbender, anticipatory aid is a form of aid that \"uses predictive analytics to reduce the negative impacts of humanitarian shocks.\"<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt210\" id=\"ftnt_ref210\">[210]<\/a><\/span> Unlike the traditional model which intervenes after the catastrophe, when losses have already been suffered, this project aimed to provide financial aid before the disaster occurred. The goal was to give livestock farmers the means to act preventively\u2014for example, by buying fodder for their livestock\u2014in order to survive the crisis period. Concretely, funds in the form of the RLUSD<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt211\" id=\"ftnt_ref211\">[211]<\/a><\/span> dollar stablecoin are deposited into a smart contract, acting as a programmable escrow, at the start of the rainy season. If an imminent drought risk is detected, based on data provided by an Oracle, the smart contract automatically triggers a money transfer to beneficiaries\u2014selected because they have few animals and cannot afford traditional insurance\u2014managed on the ground by a local micro-finance organization called Fortune Credit<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt212\" id=\"ftnt_ref212\">[212]<\/a><\/span> and community leaders.<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"bloc\">\r\n  <h6 id=\"h.k90jvg6bcrgc\">Shamba Network, an Oracle dedicated to ecological and climate data<\/h6>\r\n  <p>A blockchain Oracle is a mechanism that allows smart contracts to access data external to a blockchain, originating from the real world. This data can come from physical sensors used, for example, along a supply chain; this is referred to as a hardware Oracle. Or it can come from third-party software programs such as airline flight status, weather data, or election results; this is referred to as a software Oracle.<\/p>\r\n  <p>They are necessary in that they translate real-world events (non-deterministic data) into digital values recognized by smart contracts (deterministic data). This makes it easier to understand the importance of decentralized Oracles and their data, which sometimes have immense power over the functioning of smart contracts. If a centralized Oracle is hacked and indicates that freezing has occurred, all parametric insurance compensation contracts against frost will be triggered automatically. If an exchange rate is hacked, stock market orders<\/p>\r\n  <p>will be executed automatically. Hence the development of so-called decentralized Oracles, which align with the decentralized nature of blockchains and smart contracts. This type of decentralized application aggregates and verifies data coming from different providers in order to reduce the risks of manipulation and ensure the reliability of information.<\/p>\r\n  <p>The Shamba Network Oracle specializes in ecological and climate data. It collects data from space agencies, notably NASA in the United States and the European Space Agency (ESA), processes it using geospatial algorithms and machine learning, and then records this key information on a blockchain so that it can be called by a smart contract.<\/p>\r\n  <p>For this project in Kenya, the key parameter was the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), an indicator of vegetation health and density. The Oracle monitors NDVI in target zones, following a calibration phase conducted upstream. By analyzing historical NDVI data and correlating it with government drought reports, the team was able to define precise NDVI thresholds which, once reached, are associated with drought conditions and must trigger a payment.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0c86f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a0c86f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image9.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"image9\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NDAxMSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3Jlc2VhcmNoLnRoZWJsb2NrY2hhaW5mb3Jnb29kLm9yZ1wvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNVwvMTJcL2ltYWdlOS5wbmcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"752\" src=\"https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image9-1024x752.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4011\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image9-1024x752.png 1024w, https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image9-300x220.png 300w, https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image9-768x564.png 768w, https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image9-1536x1128.png 1536w, https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image9.png 1568w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2319fad img-src elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"2319fad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Source image :  DIVA Donate <a class=\"c3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=https:\/\/docs.divadonate.xyz&amp;sa=D&amp;source=editors&amp;ust=1765298967935258&amp;usg=AOvVaw0cUeS8nxxSJZmDM3dMYmwN\"> https:\/\/docs.divadonate.xyz <\/a>  <\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85b0ebd elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"85b0ebd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- text restarting here after image -->\r\n<p>Since its inception, DIVA Donate has launched six campaigns, five of which were completed (by October 2025), and secured $83,219 in contributions from Mercy Corps Ventures, Arbitrum, Ripple, and members of the DIVA protocol community. Diva has already distributed $11,744 (14%) in financial aid to livestock farmers to combat drought. Ripple Launches its RLUSD Stablecoin, Pegged to the US Dollar.<\/p>\r\n<p>Even though the project did not go exactly as planned<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt213\" id=\"ftnt_ref213\">[213]<\/a><\/span>, the program demonstrated \"a drastic reduction in costs, lowered to 2.5% of disbursed funds\u2014a 75% drop compared to traditional systems\u2014and a significant acceleration of payments, with funds released in 14 hours, representing a 90% reduction in payment time, with optimization potential to reach just a few minutes,\"<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt214\" id=\"ftnt_ref214\">[214]<\/a><\/span> explained Wladimir Weinbender at the program's conclusion.<\/p>\r\n<h5 id=\"h.qz8kz0nvgiix\">5.1.2 Verifiable credentials and decentralized identifiers<\/h5>\r\n<p>Beneficiary identification stands at the critical crossroads of operational efficiency, donor accountability, and, above all, respect for the dignity of populations affected by crises. How can one ensure aid reaches the right hands? How can the identification of these individuals be tracked, particularly those whom the United Nations calls the \"invisibles\"<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt215\" id=\"ftnt_ref215\">[215]<\/a><\/span> because they lack proof of identity?<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt216\" id=\"ftnt_ref216\">[216]<\/a><\/span> The ability to prove one's identity is not a simple administrative formality but the prerequisite for access to essential services, legal protection, and the exercise of fundamental rights. This reality is indeed enshrined in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), notably target 16.9, which aims to \"provide legal identity for all, including birth registration, by 2030.\"<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt217\" id=\"ftnt_ref217\">[217]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>Historically, humanitarian organizations relied on paper-based systems, then progressively adopted centralized digital solutions, increasingly based on biometrics. While this transition allowed for efficiency gains, it also generated new challenges regarding data security, system fragmentation, and individual autonomy over their own information.<\/p>\r\n<p>Faced with this systemic exclusion, decentralized digital identity, or Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI), emerges as an alternative paradigm aiming to restore individual dignity and autonomy. Founded on open standards developed by entities like the W3C and the Decentralized Identity Foundation<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt218\" id=\"ftnt_ref218\">[218]<\/a><\/span> (DIF), the decentralized digital identity paradigm allows an individual to control their own data. The model relies on three actors: (1) an issuer, for example, an NGO or a UN agency, who attests to a fact; (2) a holder, an individual or organization, who stores this attestation in an identity wallet; and (3) a verifier, for example, a healthcare provider or an employer, who can verify its authenticity without having to contact the issuer. This system uses Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs) to identify individuals locally and specifically, but above all to publicly identify issuers and the validity of Verifiable Credentials (VCs) that users can present as portable and secure digital proofs.<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ef3a8b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3ef3a8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1620\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image21.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5016\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image21.png 1620w, https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image21-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image21-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image21-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image21-1536x1024.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1620px) 100vw, 1620px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9cc1241 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"9cc1241\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- text restarting here after image -->\r\n<h6 id=\"h.hay1asjnbcx7\">Decentralized identity and Verifiable Credentials<\/h6>\r\n<p>The true innovation of this model lies not only in \"decentralization\" as an abstract concept, but in a fundamental architectural decoupling. It separates three elements that are traditionally fused in centralized systems: (1) a person's identifier (the Decentralized IDentifier), (2) the attributes or attestations regarding that person (the Verifiable Credentials), both stored in an identity wallet, and (3) the authority or registry that makes the whole system work by guaranteeing the authenticity of the source and optionally its traceability over time (timestamping).<\/p>\r\n<p>In a state system or in a centralized system managed by an NGO, the identity number, civil registry data, and the database itself are controlled by a single entity. The DID\/VC model breaks this fusion. The Decentralized Identifier is controlled by the user. Verifiable Credentials are distinct personal information, issued by a multitude of actors and held by the user. The underlying registry, which may be centralized or distributed, where the DID Document is anchored, is merely a public utility for cryptographic key discovery, and not a registry where personal data is recorded. It is this decoupling that allows the user to collect credentials from multiple sources and present them in any context without the involvement of the issuer of a Verifiable Credential, thus making real portability and control possible. This architectural rupture is the very source of the transformative potential of the decentralized identity paradigm, also known as self-sovereign identity.<\/p>\r\n<p>Humanitarian organizations have initiated pilot projects to explore the potential of this technology. The Dignified Identities in Cash Assistance Consortium (DIGID)<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt219\" id=\"ftnt_ref219\">[219]<\/a><\/span>, led by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) and including the Norwegian Red Cross, the Norwegian Refugee Council, and Save the Children, tested the issuance of \"humanitarian verifiable credentials\" during a pilot project in Kenya in 2021 and a second one in Uganda in 2022, during which 300 households without official papers received these digital certificates to attest to their eligibility for financial aid<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt220\" id=\"ftnt_ref220\">[220]<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"bloc\">\r\n  <h6 id=\"h.du1xtzsxls6h\">How to share <br>aid beneficiaries' personal data<\/h6>\r\n  <p>Interoperability is the ability of different organizations and systems to collaborate in the field, by sharing and analyzing data and resources to facilitate operational processes and meet the needs of affected populations. It involves interdependent legal, organizational, semantic, and technical aspects that require alignment and coordination among stakeholders.<\/p>\r\n  <p>It turns out that the humanitarian sector presents an extremely diverse technical landscape. A research project conducted by the Dignified Identities in Cash Assistance (DIGID) consortium and funded by European funds from European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (ECHO) specifically investigated this subject\u2014\"Investigating safe data sharing and systems interoperability in humanitarian cash assistance\"\u2014and its conclusions are as follows<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt221\" id=\"ftnt_ref221\">[221]<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\r\n  <p>On one hand, the simplest and most common method for sharing data between organizations remains sending personal data by email. This approach, although inexpensive and universal, is inherently insecure. On the other hand, the largest humanitarian organizations, such as UN agencies or large international NGOs, possess sophisticated software systems using global databases, robust APIs, and sometimes Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs\/blockchain) or even biometrics. The challenge of interoperability consists of reconciling these disparate systems to improve coordination, efficiency, and data security, particularly for beneficiary deduplication and individual referrals.<\/p>\r\n  <p>Deduplication is the comparison of lists of target persons to eliminate unintentional duplicates. The most common approach is a single registry managed by a \"host\" organization, which collects and reconciles data from all participating organizations. However, this approach can pose problems regarding security, protection, quality, and data governance. The project also explored alternative approaches such as a jointly managed registry or a data management model where a neutral third party facilitates the data sharing process. Individual referrals are used when an organization cannot provide the services an individual or household needs and directs them to another organization that can. The simplest and most common method for sharing data for referrals consists of sending a spreadsheet by email. This approach is simple and inexpensive, but also insecure and inefficient. The project also explored other approaches, such as the use of APIs to enable automated and secure data exchange, or the use of case management systems to enable more transparent and coordinated service delivery.<\/p>\r\n  <p>The most significant obstacle to improving interoperability lies in non-technical issues and the structure of humanitarian aid. The report notably points to power and resource asymmetries between large UN agencies or international NGOs and small organizations. The superior technical capabilities of large entities act as a competitive differentiator for obtaining funds, which creates incentives not to share systems or data, running counter to interoperability. Furthermore, donors tend not to support technical initiatives that do not have a direct impact on targeted populations, and often impose strict conditions on the type of data to be collected, which limits flexibility and fosters vendor lock-in. Finally, there is an absence of widely accepted data standards for the exchange of information on beneficiaries, forcing each national context to define its own ad hoc standards.<\/p>\r\n  <p>The report concludes that, rather than looking for a magic bullet at the technological application level, long-term success lies in data standardization at the semantic level.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"usecase-start\">Tadamon<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt222\" id=\"ftnt_ref222\">[222]<\/a><\/span> is a community platform supporting some 5,200 Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) spread across 57 member countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt223\" id=\"ftnt_ref223\">[223]<\/a><\/span>. In partnership with key institutions including the Islamic Development Bank (IsDB)<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt224\" id=\"ftnt_ref224\">[224]<\/a><\/span> and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt225\" id=\"ftnt_ref225\">[225]<\/a><\/span>, Tadamon pilots acceleration programs such as the \"Food Security Accelerator\"<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt226\" id=\"ftnt_ref226\">[226]<\/a><\/span>, which offers training, mentoring, and grants.<\/p>\r\n<p>However, the success of the Tadamon platform revealed that its validation process for Civil Society Organizations, being entirely manual, was slow and complex. While the program can attract up to 1,200 applicants, each application required successive verifications by Tadamon, the UNDP, the IsDB, and national governments\u2014a process that could drag on for months. Tadamon initiated a collaboration with the Cardano Foundation to implement a solution based on an identity wallet (see the graphic Decentralized identity and Verifiable Credentials) with the objective of replacing manual verifications with a decentralized system of tamper-proof attestations, cryptographically signed and quick to verify. A call for projects was launched in June 2025, at the end of which 50 Organizations were selected to join the Food Security Accelerator.<\/p>\r\n<p>The adoption of a decentralized digital identity system<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt227\" id=\"ftnt_ref227\">[227]<\/a><\/span> is now required for Civil Society Organizations wishing to interact within the Tadamon ecosystem. This process relies on the use of the identity wallet called Tadamon ID, a software application derived from the open-source Veridian<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt228\" id=\"ftnt_ref228\">[228]<\/a><\/span> technology developed by the Cardano Foundation<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt229\" id=\"ftnt_ref229\">[229]<\/a><\/span> and accessible to all stakeholders. Initially, the organization creates a decentralized identifier in the identity wallet and submits the required information and supporting documents. This identifier acts as a unique and permanent digital address, of which the organization retains ownership and control. Once initial verifications are complete, Tadamon (the issuer) cryptographically signs and sends a Verifiable Credential, kept by the organization (the holder), which can present it to various partner entities (the Verifiers) with whom it interacts, and who can easily verify the authenticity of the attestation.<\/p>\r\n<p>This mechanism eliminates the need to exchange and verify the same information multiple times, thus optimizing interaction efficiency. The entire certificate lifecycle\u2014from its issuance to its use for approval or grant distribution\u2014is recorded on the Cardano blockchain, ensuring traceability of operations, simplifying application validation, audits, project monitoring, and fund distribution.<\/p>\r\n<p>From a more global standardization perspective, the vLEI<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt230\" id=\"ftnt_ref230\">[230]<\/a><\/span> (verifiable Legal Entity Identifier) is progressively establishing itself as the international reference standard for digital identification of organizations. Led by the Global Legal Entity Identifier Foundation (GLEIF), this system constitutes the cryptographic transposition of the LEI code (ISO 17442 standard), the unique global identifier for legal entities. By encapsulating an organization's legal identity and the official roles of its representatives within Verifiable Credentials, the vLEI establishes an automatable and interoperable chain of trust. It thus allows for instant verification, without manual intervention, of the authenticity of a legal entity (NGO, donor, supplier) and the validity of actions undertaken by its authorized signatories, directly addressing the fragmentation and security challenges inherent in humanitarian ecosystems.<\/p>\r\n<h4 id=\"h.txxny2uaisi8\">5.2 What measurement? Which impact?<\/h4>\r\n<p>The desire to link funding to concrete results is not new, and institutional structures are actively exploring this path, like the OECD, which formalized the concept of \"Outcomes-based financing\" (OBF)<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt231\" id=\"ftnt_ref231\">[231]<\/a><\/span>. The OECD broadly defines this as approaches where payments are conditioned on the achievement of specific and verifiable results, a method that already involves established actors such as companies or impact investors.<\/p>\r\n<p>While this concept of pay-for-performance exists outside the crypto ecosystem, philanthropy and impact investing both face a fundamental problem: how to capture, measure, and more transformatively, monetize social impact in a standardized and incentivized way<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt232\" id=\"ftnt_ref232\">[232]<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<p>The aid and impact investing sector faces a persistent challenge: standardized measurement and accountability for social results. This section focuses on the use of Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) as well as Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) processes to monetize impact. We differentiate between ex-post and ex-ante impact-proof funding (5.2.1), detailing the retrospective (ex-post) model of Hypercerts, which rewards real, already-produced impact. We also examine the transition from NFT proof of impact to NFT proof of donation (5.2.2), where tokens represent a completed service or a philanthropic commitment, as in the Amply experiment.<\/p>\r\n<h5 id=\"h.vsww6xf64nz\">5.2.1 Ex-post and ex-ante impact-proof funding<\/h5>\r\n<p>Social impact funding is structured around a temporal dichotomy: should intentions be funded\u2014i.e., prospective or ex-ante funding\u2014or should results be rewarded\u2014i.e., retrospective or ex-post funding? Today, traditional philanthropic models, based on grant-making, are predominantly ex-ante, funding project promises based on written proposals. Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) now allow not only for formalizing and scaling ex-post models but also for sophisticating ex-ante approaches by making them more dynamic and reactive.<\/p>\r\n<p>The retrospective funding model - ex-post consists of rewarding proven impact and fundamentally shifts the incentive paradigm. It is no longer about rewarding the ability to write convincing grant proposals, but rather the ability to generate real, observable, and verifiable impact.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"usecase-start\">The Hypercerts<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt233\" id=\"ftnt_ref233\">[233]<\/a><\/span> protocol represents one of the most advanced implementations of this model. Its lifecycle breaks down into three distinct stages: (1) A project led by an organization or individual performs an action or work, generates an impact, and creates an \"hypercert\" to digitally represent this impact. This digital certificate transparently documents the contributors, the scope of work accomplished, and the timeframe. (2) Credible and independent evaluators, such as experts from third-party organizations, examine the work and add their assessments to the hypercert. These attestations confirm the scope, quality, and veracity of the claimed impact. (3) Funders\u2014donors, foundations, impact investors\u2014buy fractions of this hypercert. By doing so, they acquire the right to \"claim\" a portion of the generated impact for their own offsetting, reporting, or communication goals. The proceeds from this sale constitute the retrospective financial reward for the project that initially created the impact.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"c86 tech\"><span class=\"tdd\">Tech deep dive<\/span>Technically, a hypercert is a semi-fungible token, compliant with the ERC-1155 standard on the Ethereum blockchain. The associated metadata\u2014containing work details, evaluations, and claims\u2014is stored on a decentralized file system like IPFS (InterPlanetary File System), ensuring persistence and immutability. The whole system functions as an open, interoperable, and decentralized database designed to track impact work and its evaluations, thus facilitating experimentation with various funding mechanisms beyond just the retrospective model.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"c86\">This mechanism transforms the interaction between innovation and funding. The traditional (ex-ante) grant model favors \"safe\" and established projects to the detriment of radical innovation. Hypercerts break this link, allowing innovators to act without prior permission. In case of success, a market rewards them. Philanthropic funding shifts from a \"push\" system to a \"pull\" system, where capital is attracted by proven project results. This results in a shift to a system directly correlated with demonstrated impact rather than the promise of impact.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"c86\">As for the traditional funding model operated ex-ante, it is crucial to note that while this model can be transposed or adapted to a new decentralized infrastructure, it does not merely replicate traditional grants on a new medium. This migration to a decentralized infrastructure can, for example, enable greater transparency in fund allocation and commitment tracking.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"usecase-start\">The IXO protocol, which is developing an \"Internet of Impact\"<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt234\" id=\"ftnt_ref234\">[234]<\/a><\/span>, is representative of this approach. This infrastructure aims to fund, implement, and verify impact globally. One of its flagship instruments is the \"Alpha Bond\"<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt235\" id=\"ftnt_ref235\">[235]<\/a><\/span>. This is a programmable financing instrument based on token bonding curves, a mechanism where a token's price is determined algorithmically by its circulating supply. In the case of Alpha Bonds, capital is released progressively, and the cost of this capital (the bond price) evolves according to an \"Alpha Risk Signal\". This signal can be generated by an internal prediction market where stakeholders (experts, community, investors) bet on the probability of the project achieving its goals. If confidence in the project increases, the risk signal decreases, making capital cheaper and more accessible, and vice versa. This mechanism fits perfectly into Outcomes-based Financing frameworks, where payments are automatically triggered by smart contracts when predefined and independently verified milestones are reached.<\/p>\r\n<p>This approach radically transforms the nature of the funding contract. Traditional ex-ante funding is a static, one-time event: a sum is allocated at the start of the project, and monitoring occurs via periodic reports often disconnected from the initial funding mechanism. The IXO model, conversely, integrates a continuous feedback loop. Data on project performance, or predictions about its future performance, directly and in real-time influence its funding conditions. Capital thus becomes \"smart\": it is allocated and adjusts. This allows for much more efficient resource allocation, reducing losses on projects showing signs of failure and reinforcing those demonstrating success\u2014during their lifecycle, not just after.<\/p>\r\n<p>A final example is the Karma protocol<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt236\" id=\"ftnt_ref236\">[236]<\/a><\/span>, which functions as an on-chain reputation platform for project leaders. It allows them to create a unified profile aggregating their contributions and progress via the \"Karma's GAP protocol\" and their impact metrics, often linked to GitHub repositories or smart contracts. This verifiable reputation is then used by ecosystems and funds, such as Gitcoin or Arbitrum, to allocate funding transparently, notably in the form of retrospective funding (retrofunding), based on the project's proven results and impact.<\/p>\r\n<p>While these impact funding models like Hypercerts, IXO, or Karma aim for increased efficiency and transparency, they nevertheless present structural limitations and raise questions. The main pitfall lies in the definition, measurement, and verification of \"impact\" itself. The system does not eliminate the need for trust; it shifts it to new intermediaries: \"credible evaluators\" or data Oracles. This raises the question of their independence, funding, and objectivity, and the risk of inducing \"measurement bias\" according to Goodhart's Law, which states that when a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure. Indeed, projects might be incentivized to optimize easily quantifiable and \"tokenizable\" metrics, like code updates on GitHub tracked by Karma, to the detriment of more complex and long-term social objectives.<\/p>\r\n<p>Furthermore, the retrospective (ex-post) funding model, like Hypercerts, although innovative, eludes the need for seed capital. By rewarding impact after its creation, it favors projects already funded or possessing venture capital, capable of \"acting without prior permission\", while potentially excluding grassroots organizations or those from the Global South that precisely lack the liquidity to front costs. Finally, the technical complexity of certain protocols like bonding curves or prediction markets on IXO could create a new barrier to entry, strengthening the power of technical experts to the detriment of field actors. Lastly, the introduction of market mechanisms, like IXO's speculative \"risk signals\", poses the risk of excessive financialization of social action, where the general interest mission would be subject to incentives and volatility inherent to financial markets.<\/p>\r\n<h5 id=\"h.ago7n54ufy9g\">5.2.2 From NFT proof of impact to NFT proof of donation<\/h5>\r\n<p>Beyond funding mechanisms, blockchain technology allows for representing impact itself as unique and verifiable digital assets. This \"tokenization of social impact\" aims to create a new asset class, Impact Tokens<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt237\" id=\"ftnt_ref237\">[237]<\/a><\/span>, which encapsulate a verified proof of impact and make it liquid, programmable, and tradable.<\/p>\r\n<p>An Impact Token is a digital representation of a unit of social or environmental impact that has been quantified, measured, and verified, often in alignment with recognized frameworks like the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Each token is recorded on a public blockchain, offering immutable and auditable proof that a positive impact has been realized and can be unequivocally attributed to a specific activity or investment.<\/p>\r\n<p>On the IXO platform, an Impact Token, called \"Impact Credits\", can represent \"any verified social, environmental, economic, or climate outcome state that people and organizations care about, are willing to pay for, invest in, or work towards.\"<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt238\" id=\"ftnt_ref238\">[238]<\/a><\/span> A real-world action generates data submitted to a public blockchain as a verifiable claim; a verifier validates it, a Verifiable Credential is generated, and an impact NFT is created based on this Verifiable Credential.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"usecase-start\">For example, the Amply project was initiated in South Africa in partnership with the UNICEF Innovation Fund and Innovation Edge to address the inefficient, paper-based management of a government grant program for early childhood education. In South Africa, the government offers a subsidy (about 15 rand per day per child) to encourage attendance at Early Childhood Development centers<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt239\" id=\"ftnt_ref239\">[239]<\/a><\/span> (preschool equivalents). To receive these funds, teachers had to manually record attendance on paper forms\u2014a time-consuming, costly, and error-prone process. The Amply project provided teachers with a simple mobile app. Each day, instead of filling out paper logs, they used the app to record each child's attendance. Each attendance record was transformed into a \"verifiable claim\" and securely and immutably recorded on the Ethereum blockchain. This created a transparent and tamper-proof digital registry of educational services actually provided. This process digitized tens of thousands of attendance records, saving over 4,000 hours of administrative work per month<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt240\" id=\"ftnt_ref240\">[240]<\/a><\/span>. Once attendance data is verified at the end of the month, the system aggregates these records to create an Impact Token\u2014a digital certificate representing a verified quantity of services rendered, for example, \"20 days of attendance for child X in May\". The final goal was to fully digitize the subsidy process. The school or teacher transfers this impact token to the government as irrefutable digital proof of service completion, and in return, the government transfers the corresponding grant funds to the school.<\/p>\r\n<p>NFTs can also serve as proof of donation. For example, a Non-Profit Organization issues an NFT to a donor to certify their donation. For the donor, this NFT serves as public recognition, a socially valuable \"badge\"<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt241\" id=\"ftnt_ref241\">[241]<\/a><\/span> they can display on social networks. It can be part of a collection and fit into a logic of \"gamification\" of philanthropy, with tiers, rewards for recurring donations, or special badges. For a Non-Profit Organization, the benefits are multiple: increased donor engagement, strengthened trust thanks to a transparent and immutable receipt, and a powerful viral marketing tool.<\/p>\r\n<p>The evolution of the philanthropic NFT reveals a profound transformation of the relationship between the donor, the act of giving, and the resulting impact. A \"Proof of Donation\" type NFT is a collectible attesting to a past transaction\u2014a certificate on the input (the donation). Its value is primarily social and memorial. In contrast, a \"Proof of Impact\" type NFT, like Amply's, is a certificate on the output (the result). It is a digital container for a real environmental asset. Possession of the NFT becomes synonymous with the claim to this impact.<\/p>\r\n<p>This fusion of the digital asset and tangible impact creates a much stronger psychological and economic connection. The digital asset is no longer a simple souvenir of the act of giving; it is the result of that act. The donor is no longer just a financial contributor; they become the guardian or symbolic owner of the generated impact. This establishes a deeper incentive for engagement and creates a new form of value that is both financial (the NFT can be traded on a secondary market) and ethical (it represents a tangible good for the planet or society). The NFT shifts from the status of a receipt to that of the incarnation of impact.<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62641e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"62641e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- headtitle here -->\r\n<h3 id=\"h.k6zrdd9cqw8v\">Chapter 6: Crypto philanthropy through engagement<\/h3>\r\n<p>Digital technologies stemming from Web3\u2014notably NFTs, video games, charitable trading, and metaverses\u2014although still largely experimental for the philanthropic sector, offer unprecedented perspectives regarding fundraising and donor engagement. In addition to being (6.1) fundraising tools through the sale of unique digital assets, NFTs, by virtue of their programmable nature, allow not only for the generation of continuous revenue upon each resale but also serve as proofs of engagement or governance, transforming the donor into an active member of the community. Philanthropy through interaction (6.2), whether within video games, called Play-to-Give (\"playing to give\"), or during charitable events organized around trading, which could be called Trade-to-give (\"trading to give\"), testifies to the potential of gamification and virtual worlds for raising awareness and engaging a new generation in humanitarian action.<\/p>\r\n<h4 id=\"h.ithza2sckfsg\">6.1 NFTs as tools for community engagement\u2026<\/h4>\r\n<p>NFTs are versatile tools for philanthropy, going beyond speculation, whether to mobilize communities and fund projects\u2014notably via event-based fundraising and the sale of digital assets (6.1.1)\u2014or to serve as governance tools and proof of donation, offering automatic royalties to organizations and transforming donors into active members of DAOs (6.1.2).<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"bloc\">\r\n  <h6 id=\"h.rm0h1xo99w80\">What is an NFT and what was the NFT hype of 2021?<\/h6>\r\n  <p>A Non-Fungible Token (NFT) can be defined as a unique certificate of digital authenticity and ownership, recorded in a tamper-proof manner on a blockchain. To exist, much like national currency minted by a state, an NFT is first \"minted\" on a public blockchain, and then, subsequently, potentially \"burnt\"\u2014that is, destroyed. \"Minting an NFT\" involves using a crypto-asset wallet and a smart contract to record the token and its identification data on a public blockchain so that it becomes immutable, tradable, but also viewable and verifiable by anyone<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt242\" id=\"ftnt_ref242\">[242]<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\r\n  <p>This certificate of digital authenticity and ownership, materialized by the NFT, represents a major advance in the way ownership and traceability of digital goods are conceived. The NFT is associated with any type of digital asset, whether it be a high-resolution image, a video, a significant tweet, or even a piece of music. Contrary to popular belief, this association does not require the digital asset itself to be stored directly on a blockchain. Indeed, one must distinguish between the unique digital asset, which can be hosted on classic servers, decentralized storage platforms, or any other digital medium, while the NFT itself, minted on a secure and transparent blockchain (like Ethereum, Solana, or Tezos), acts as a unique and tamper-proof pointer to this asset. This inseparable link between the NFT and the underlying digital work confers upon the NFT owner rights and irrefutable proof of its authenticity and ownership.<\/p>\r\n  <p>It allows for effectively fighting digital counterfeiting, guaranteeing the provenance of a work, and establishing a clear history of its transactions. For creators, this opens new avenues for monetization and protection of their works, while for collectors and buyers, it offers unprecedented confidence and security in the digital art and virtual asset market. The NFT thus becomes the digital guarantor of the originality and value of the work to which it is attached.<\/p>\r\n  <p>The hype surrounding NFTs peaked on March 11, 2021, when Michael Joseph Winkelmann, known by the pseudonym Beeple, sold an NFT despite never having sold a work at auction before. He then joined David Hockney and Jeff Koons, ranking among the top three living artists to have reached a record sale price. Beeple's multimedia mosaic, titled Everydays: the First 5000 Days, was auctioned for 69.3 million dollars during a sale organized by Christie's<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt243\" id=\"ftnt_ref243\">[243]<\/a><\/span>. This digital patchwork is composed of 5,000 images and animations, each representing a day in the life of the man now called the \"crypto-artist,\" between May 1, 2007, and January 7, 2021. This unprecedented sale illustrates the art world's enthusiasm for NFTs issued on a public blockchain.<\/p>\r\n  <p>According to the report by the analysis firm NonFungible<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt244\" id=\"ftnt_ref244\">[244]<\/a><\/span>, the global NFT market exploded, and the art segment alone reached a transaction volume of nearly 2.9 billion dollars in 2021. However, between the 2021 peak and the end of 2024, the volume of NFT art sales contracted by more than 95%. The average sale price of an artistic NFT, which could reach thousands of dollars, plummeted to a few tens of dollars. Speculators have given way to a more restricted community of passionate collectors and institutions exploring the technology for its intrinsic utility: certification of authenticity, traceability of provenance, and new forms of digital storytelling. Leading museums, like the Centre Pompidou in Paris or MoMA in New York, have acquired NFTs, not for their speculative value, but for their historical and artistic relevance<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt245\" id=\"ftnt_ref245\">[245]<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h5 id=\"h.pc3i0upgm4vf\">6.1.1 ... for fundraising<\/h5>\r\n<p>The unique character of an NFT and its traceability make it a particularly innovative fundraising mechanism, capable of attracting a new generation of philanthropists. In March 2021, the sale of Jack Dorsey's first tweet, the founder of the social network Twitter, in the form of an NFT, allowed him to raise 2.9 million dollars for the organization GiveDirectly's Africa Response<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt246\" id=\"ftnt_ref246\">[246]<\/a><\/span>. Later that same year, an anonymous donor contributed the equivalent of 3.5 million dollars in ETH to M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res, a sum derived from the sale of an NFT art collection<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt247\" id=\"ftnt_ref247\">[247]<\/a><\/span>. In March 2022, the brand Stella Artois, in collaboration with VaynerNFT<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt248\" id=\"ftnt_ref248\">[248]<\/a><\/span> and the art platform Art Blocks, launched a project of 1,024 water-themed NFTs called \"The Drop Artois\"<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt249\" id=\"ftnt_ref249\">[249]<\/a><\/span> on the occasion of World Water Day<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt250\" id=\"ftnt_ref250\">[250]<\/a><\/span>. The entirety of the 200,000 dollars in proceeds from the NFT sale<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt251\" id=\"ftnt_ref251\">[251]<\/a><\/span>, which sold out in 2 hours, was donated to the association Water.org, an organization working for access to drinking water in the Global South. The charity event \"Punks vs. Apes\"<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt252\" id=\"ftnt_ref252\">[252]<\/a><\/span>, which pitted two famous NFT collections\u2014Bored Ape Yacht Club (Apes) and CryptoPunks (Punks)\u2014against each other, raised over 55,000 dollars in donations for the Riley Children's Hospital in Indianapolis. Organized in September 2022 at the &lt;imnot\/Art&gt; gallery<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt253\" id=\"ftnt_ref253\">[253]<\/a><\/span> in Chicago via the platform The Giving Block, this two-day event showed the capacity of these Web3 communities to mobilize for a charitable cause.<\/p>\r\n<p>The singularity and traceability of NFTs make them an innovative fundraising tool, as evidenced by these few charitable initiatives that have raised millions of dollars for various causes.<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"bloc\">\r\n  <h6 id=\"h.twwrfbgqqvk2\">The \"Leap of Faith\" initiative: From a personal story to donate.gg<\/h6>\r\n  <p>The \"Leap of Faith\" operation benefiting St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital in Memphis, USA, is a textbook case<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt254\" id=\"ftnt_ref254\">[254]<\/a><\/span> of this next-generation philanthropy, born from the initiative of a Web3 community figure known by the pseudonym \"@Leap\". Combining personal motivation, community mobilization, and professional structuring, this project illustrates the community potential of Web3 to generate social impact.<\/p>\r\n  <p>At the origin of the project lies @Leap's personal story, whose father was suffering from terminal cancer. Driven by emotion and the desire to act, he published a crypto-asset wallet address on social networks to collect donations to fund the fight against cancer for St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital. The Web3 community's response was immediate and massive, and over 100,000 dollars were collected in just 24 hours. This spontaneous success attracted the hospital's attention, which contacted @Leap. To transform this momentum into a legitimate and ambitious campaign, the latter invested his own funds to build a team and professionalize the approach. <\/p>\r\n  <p>The project culminated in October 2024 at the prestigious Art Basel art fair in Miami through a live auction, dubbed \"Leap of Faith Auction\", selling artworks in the form of NFTs created by over 30 ecosystem artists. The operation aimed to donate 100% of the profits to St. Jude Hospital and accept direct crypto-asset donations. At the time, the auction raised 115,000 dollars, to which were added donations received after the event, reaching a total amount of 350,000 dollars donated for cancer research.<\/p>\r\n  <p>Asked about his vision, @Leap does not define Web3 as a simple technology, but as a true culture. According to him, \"it's a way of thinking, a lifestyle.\"<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt255\" id=\"ftnt_ref255\">[255]<\/a><\/span> The most significant impact of Web3 will not come from a new application, but from individuals from this culture who \"are ready to break barriers established by the traditional system and take massive financial risks to achieve it.\"<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt256\" id=\"ftnt_ref256\">[256]<\/a><\/span> Building on this success, @Leap evolved his initiative into a sustainable and scalable solution and founded the platform donate.gg. Initially designed for St. Jude, it has since opened up to other international charitable organizations like UNICEF or the WWF. The platform stands out for features optimized for crypto-asset donations fully remitted to organizations. The platform automatically converts crypto-assets into the organization's preferred currency and issues tax receipts for donors. In October 2025, it had collected over 1 million dollars in donations<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt257\" id=\"ftnt_ref257\">[257]<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p>The use of NFTs in philanthropy presents two financial advantages that address key sector issues. Total transparency, since every transaction linked to an NFT is recorded immutably and publicly on a public blockchain. This allows donors to track the journey of their contributions with unprecedented precision, reinforcing trust, even if this radical transparency can sometimes raise complex questions regarding donor privacy and GDPR compliance<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt258\" id=\"ftnt_ref258\">[258]<\/a><\/span>, as pseudonymous transactions on a public blockchain can sometimes be traced back to real identities\u2014an issue organizations must master. Additionally, it is possible to program automatic royalties in the NFT's smart contract and generate recurring revenue. This mechanism guarantees that a certain percentage of every future sale of the token on the secondary market will be automatically remitted to the organization inscribed in the smart contract.<\/p>\r\n<p>For example, Boss Beauties is a collection of 10,000 PFP (Profile Picture) NFTs<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt259\" id=\"ftnt_ref259\">[259]<\/a><\/span> designed by women to celebrate female diversity. From its inception, the project integrated a philanthropic mission at the heart of its economic model. During the initial sale in September 2021, the millions of dollars generated were partially donated to the Boss Beauties Foundation<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt260\" id=\"ftnt_ref260\">[260]<\/a><\/span>. This foundation aims to fund scholarships and mentorship programs for women and girls around the world. Furthermore, the smart contract of each Boss Beauties NFT provides for a 5% royalty on every resale. A portion of these 5% is systematically allocated to the foundation, ensuring continuous funding for its operations. Thanks to this recurring revenue mechanism, the foundation has been able to grant scholarships to thousands of women. It has also established a historic five-year partnership with the UN<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt261\" id=\"ftnt_ref261\">[261]<\/a><\/span> to promote gender equality via global educational initiatives and launched mentorship programs in collaboration with major brands and institutions. This economic model ensures that the digital art collection, as long as it is actively traded, functions as a sustainable funding engine for the cause it supports.<\/p>\r\n<p>However, the utility of NFTs is not limited to simple fundraising; they also prove to be governance tools and proofs of engagement, strengthening the very nature of participation and the relationship of donors with Organizations.<\/p>\r\n<h5 id=\"h.8ku468rza6cq\">6.1.2 ... for governance and proof of donation<\/h5>\r\n<p>Beyond their financial function, NFTs have the potential to become true tools for encouraging active donor participation. An NFT can function as a digital badge, conferring upon its holder specific rights and recognized status within a community. This approach transforms the traditionally passive donor into an engaged and influential member.<\/p>\r\n<p>The concept of NFT as proof of donation or participation is gaining popularity, with a notable application being the POAP (Proof of Attendance Protocol). Technically, \"the POAP is an NFT that is generally awarded for free [...] and has no intrinsic value, other than demonstrating that the holding address is controlled by a person who attended the event subject of the POAP.\"<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt262\" id=\"ftnt_ref262\">[262]<\/a><\/span> Awarded to participants of an event, physical or virtual, it serves as a \"digital souvenir\" attesting to their presence and support<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt263\" id=\"ftnt_ref263\">[263]<\/a><\/span>. For example, donors contributing to Diva Donate campaigns supporting drought-stricken livestock farming communities in Kenya \"receive a digital POAP certificate to commemorate their donation.\" The POAP thus reinforces the sense of belonging to a community and allows an organization to value its members' engagement in a tangible and verifiable way.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"usecase-start\">NFTs also play a central role in decentralized governance models, notably within Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs). The case of NounsDAO<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt264\" id=\"ftnt_ref264\">[264]<\/a><\/span> is particularly emblematic. Its functioning is as follows: every day, a new unique NFT, a \"Noun\", is created and auctioned. The profits feed a collective treasury\u20143,660 ETH in October 2025, equivalent to 13,800,000 dollars\u2014and possession of a \"Noun\" grants voting rights on spending proposals. To submit a proposal, a minimum of three Nouns is required, and any idea can be funded if there are enough community votes. This \"one NFT, one vote\" model establishes a form of direct governance where contributors decide on fund allocation. Thus, Proposal 42<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt265\" id=\"ftnt_ref265\">[265]<\/a><\/span> was voted to send 100 ETH intended for emergency humanitarian aid in Ukraine, in partnership with UNICEF.<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e081a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4e081a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"814\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image14-814x1024.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4014\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image14-814x1024.png 814w, https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image14-238x300.png 238w, https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image14-768x967.png 768w, https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image14.png 820w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 814px) 100vw, 814px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3da27f6 img-src elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"3da27f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Source image <sup> <a id=\"ftnt_ref271\" href=\"#ftnt271\"> [271] <\/a> <\/sup><\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae6c151 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"ae6c151\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- text restarting here after image -->\r\n<p class=\"c86 tech\"><span class=\"tdd\">Tech deep dive<\/span>From a technical standpoint, the Nouns DAO uses a fork of Compound's governance<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt267\" id=\"ftnt_ref267\">[267]<\/a><\/span> and constitutes the main governing body of the Nouns ecosystem. The Nouns DAO treasury receives 100% of the ETH revenue from the daily Nouns auctions. Each Noun is an irrevocable member of the Nouns DAO and entitles the holder to one vote for all governance matters. Nouns voting rights are non-transferable (if you sell your Noun, the voting right is ceded with it) but they are delegatable, meaning you can assign your voting right to someone else as long as you own your Noun. Nouns are stored directly on Ethereum and do not use pointers to other networks such as IPFS, because the components of the Nouns are compressed and stored on-chain using custom Run-Length Encoding (RLE), which is a form of lossless compression.<\/p>\r\n<p>This model is only one of the possible incarnations of a philanthropic DAO. The report by the Haut Comit\u00e9 Juridique de la Place Financi\u00e8re de Paris notes that DAOs can be \"charitable or humanitarian\", and other structures are emerging. For example, the Big Green DAO (see supra), initiated by the Big Green Foundation, uses the governance structure of a DAO to facilitate the management and allocation of grants in the field of food sovereignty, aiming to subvert the traditional relationship between donors and beneficiaries by giving voting power to practitioners on the ground. While NounsDAO represents a direct governance model linked to the possession of a unique asset, other DAOs explore systems based on vote weighting by fungible tokens or reputation, opening a vast field of experimentation for a more democratic philanthropy.<\/p>\r\n<p>From digital assets like NFTs to immersive virtual worlds, the transition is natural. Video games and metaverses, built on similar logics of digital ownership and community interaction, constitute the next frontier to explore for philanthropy.<\/p>\r\n<h4 id=\"h.be3ycbtphi66\">6.2 Philanthropy through interaction: Gaming, Trading, and Metaverses<\/h4>\r\n<p>Virtual worlds, gaming, and charitable trading constitute innovative approaches to engage and raise awareness among new generations thanks to interactive and immersive experiences fostering a strong sense of community.<\/p>\r\n<h5 id=\"h.7bggbnoilras\">6.2.1 Play-to-Give and Trade-to-Give<\/h5>\r\n<p>The concept of \"playing to give\", or Play-to-give in Web3 video games, where gameplay directly and automatically generates funds for charitable causes, is still emerging and rarely implemented as a passive game mechanic. However, this model illustrates one of the ways crypto philanthropy is inviting itself into the heart of communities whose audience is very far from traditional methods of appealing to generosity but obviously just as receptive to humanitarian crises.<\/p>\r\n<p>The most documented example of Play-to-give is the strong mobilization of a community of gamers within the Web3 video game Axie Infinity<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt268\" id=\"ftnt_ref268\">[268]<\/a><\/span>, following the passage of Typhoon Rai in the Philippines in December 2021. Axie Infinity is a video game whose concept is akin to that of Pok\u00e9mon. Players collect small creatures named Axies, engage them in battles, and can breed them to generate new ones. The major distinction lies in the fact that each creature is a unique digital object truly owned by the player, comparable to a collectible card, and can thus be bought and sold for real money to other players.<\/p>\r\n<p>Several teams, called guilds, gathering individual players and NFT artists from the ecosystem, mobilized to collect funds for the typhoon victims<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt269\" id=\"ftnt_ref269\">[269]<\/a><\/span>. The largest game guild, named the Yield Guild Games (YGG), first launched a donation campaign named \"crypto-ayuda\" (crypto aid), with an initial donation of 2.5 ETH, worth nearly 500,000 Philippine pesos at the time, to fund a medical mission on the devastated island of Siargao. Then an influential Filipino player, named Nix Eniego, declared donating all his game earnings to help the victims. Charity streams were organized, collecting several tens of thousands of Philippine pesos transferred to the management of the Yield Guild Games (YGG). Artists from the community sold NFT works, pledging to donate all profits to organizations on the ground. In parallel, a major charity tournament, the \"United Gamers Guild (UGG) All-Stars Tournament\", was organized and broadcast live to amplify the collection. Thanks to the convergence of all these initiatives\u2014direct donations, charity streamings, tournaments, and NFT sales\u2014the Axie Infinity community raised over 28.6 million Philippine pesos, the equivalent of 572,000 US dollars at the time, to help the typhoon victims.<\/p>\r\n<p>While this example remains anecdotal, the philanthropic potential of Web3 video games seems as significant as it is uncertain. It is also hindered by the same challenges that characterize broader Web3 adoption: technical complexity, regulatory uncertainty, and the need to create fluid user experiences for an uninitiated audience.<\/p>\r\n<p>Another initiative at the crossroads of trading and streaming for charitable fundraising purposes is charitable trading. While charitable trading is a philanthropy model widely deployed in the United States, consisting of dedicating all or part of the profits generated by financial speculation activities to one or more charities, the model has been developed in the crypto-asset universe. In June 2021, a pioneering initiative in France, led by Alexandre Chkirate, with the support of Binance Charity<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt270\" id=\"ftnt_ref270\">[270]<\/a><\/span> and Paymium<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt271\" id=\"ftnt_ref271\">[271]<\/a><\/span>, transposed the concept of charitable trading into the Web3 universe. The first trading marathon was organized by the association Crypto4Good, in partnership with the platform Kryll.io<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt272\" id=\"ftnt_ref272\">[272]<\/a><\/span>, during which, for 24 hours without interruption, the event, broadcast live on Twitch, gathered 3,200 viewers, creating a \"crypto\" version of traditional telethons or the Z Event<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt273\" id=\"ftnt_ref273\">[273]<\/a><\/span>. The objective was to mobilize a community around a streaming that was both educational and supportive, where several teams of traders competed to generate maximum profits, with all earnings generated, as well as donations collected from the audience during the event, distributed to charities. Thus, the associations Restos du C\u0153ur and Entraide et Partage were able to share the 36,000 \u20ac raised across five cities in France: Paris, Lyon, Marseille, Lille, and Bordeaux. The event not only allowed for innovative fundraising but also played a role in popularization, inviting well-known figures from the French-speaking crypto community like Hasheur<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt274\" id=\"ftnt_ref274\">[274]<\/a><\/span>, S\u00e9bastien Borget of The Sandbox, or Thibaut de Meria, to comment on and analyze the traders' strategies in real-time<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt275\" id=\"ftnt_ref275\">[275]<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<h5 id=\"h.p93tbu7al4xe\">6.2.2 Metaverses<\/h5>\r\n<p>A metaverse designates a persistent and shared virtual space where users, via avatars, can interact with each other and with digital objects<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt276\" id=\"ftnt_ref276\">[276]<\/a><\/span>. These immersive 3D environments aim to simulate or extend aspects of the real world, offering new types of social interactions across various registers, ranging from entertainment to professional, educational, or commercial applications. Persistence means the metaverse continues to exist and evolve even when users are not logged in, maintaining the state of interactions and objects. Sharing implies that many users can connect simultaneously and interact within the same space. Avatars are the digital representations of users, allowing them to immerse themselves and act in this virtual world, with virtual reality headsets being the fetish devices. Beyond video games, which are often the precursors, the concept of metaverse encompasses a broader vision of an embodied and decentralized internet, where ownership of digital assets and new forms of governance play a growing role. The promise of metaverses is to offer other ways of working, learning, socializing, and consuming, by blurring the boundaries between the physical and digital worlds.<\/p>\r\n<p>For the philanthropic sector, it represents a new channel to run awareness campaigns, organize fundraising events, and engage committed communities without the geographic constraints of the physical world. Here are some of the experiments tested by the Red Cross, the RadicalxChange Foundation, or the WWF in Germany.<\/p>\r\n<p>In December 2023, a Parisian communication agency approached the French Red Cross and The Sandbox to explore an original use case of crypto-philanthropy experimentation via gamification and NFTs within a metaverse. Born in 2011, The Sandbox was first a 2D online video game allowing the creation of Pixel Art-type maps, then a metaverse running on the Ethereum blockchain, where users can create, customize, and trade digital elements like land, objects, and avatars. This virtual world is a decentralized and community platform, allowing everyone to design their own game experiences and interactive content using tools. In The Sandbox, everything is tokenized<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt277\" id=\"ftnt_ref277\">[277]<\/a><\/span>, notably land parcels (called LAND), land assemblies (ESTATE), as well as other digital objects, which are NFTs, certifying their ownership and authenticity. The internal currency of the metaverse is the SAND token, a crypto-asset used for all transactions in The Sandbox, such as buying land, objects, or services. This token can also be earned by playing and participating in activities, making The Sandbox a \"play-to-earn\" game. Furthermore, SAND holders participate in the project's governance via a Decentralized Organization, a DAO, allowing them to vote on decisions and evolutions of the metaverse.<\/p>\r\n<p>The main objective of this Red Cross foray into The Sandbox metaverse was to raise awareness among younger generations, Gen Z and Gen Alpha, about the Red Cross missions, using the Play-to-Give mechanic. Indeed, the challenge today is \"to know how associations can attract the new generation, how to capture their attention, when usual communication channels like newsletters, postal mail, websites, and mobile apps no longer really engage. People also want to better understand what the association's mission is, how the money will be spent, and what the impact will be. And video games are an excellent medium for that,\"<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt278\" id=\"ftnt_ref278\">[278]<\/a><\/span> explains S\u00e9bastien Borget, founder of The Sandbox.<\/p>\r\n<p>The experience was structured around a gamification of the volunteer journey. The operational model relied on players purchasing digital assets in the form of NFTs linked to the project within The Sandbox's virtual environment. To maximize the multiplier effect of the crypto donation and encourage players to buy NFTs, The Sandbox pledged to match the funds collected through this initiative. Specifically, for every SAND token spent by players to acquire project-linked NFTs, The Sandbox committed to donating an equivalent amount to the Red Cross.<\/p>\r\n<p>Within the framework of implementing new Web3-specific voting, funding, and governance models, the RadicalxChange Foundation, a US non-profit organization, initiated a collaboration with the platform The Sandbox. This pilot project aimed to collaborate with the crypto-native community of players on The Sandbox metaverse and test these virtual environments as vectors for raising awareness about the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and also as funding channels for civil society organizations in the Global South. For The Sandbox, \"it was about increasing the visibility of social impact games, experimenting with a Web3 donation model for NGOs, and aligning The Sandbox with global causes such as education and health in disadvantaged regions.\"<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt279\" id=\"ftnt_ref279\">[279]<\/a><\/span> The project was structured in two distinct phases: a first phase dedicated to creation by developers, followed by a charitable engagement phase called \"play-to-give\". The initial phase of the program began in April 2024 with a virtual hackathon<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt280\" id=\"ftnt_ref280\">[280]<\/a><\/span>, the Impact Game Jam<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt281\" id=\"ftnt_ref281\">[281]<\/a><\/span>, whose objective was to mobilize the creativity of software developers to design playful experiences while integrating the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into their game mechanics. This initiative gathered 425 participants from 17 countries, resulting in the creation of 36 original games and the nomination of 10 winners.<\/p>\r\n<p>An innovative aspect of the project lies in the selection method of the winners. In accordance with models promoted and experimented by the RadicalxChange Foundation, the community did not proceed with a simple majority vote, but used Quadratic Voting (akin to quadratic funding - see 1.2) to \"elect\" the game experiences that were then deployed during the second phase.<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"bloc\">\r\n  <h6 id=\"h.6z5fhmhq17b9\">What is quadratic voting (or plural voting<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt282\" id=\"ftnt_ref282\">[282]<\/a><\/span>)?<\/h6>\r\n  <p>What is Plural Voting (PV)? Plural Voting is a voting system that allows people to express not only their choices, but also the intensity of their convictions. Each participant has a budget of \"voice credits\" to distribute among different issues. However, concentrating one's votes on a single subject quickly becomes expensive; participants must therefore find a balance between the intensity of their support and the diversity of subjects.<\/p>\r\n  <p>What problem does this solve? Plural Voting helps groups define their priorities fairly. Unlike yes\/no votes or simple rankings, it reveals the strength of preferences. Unlike polls, it prevents participants from exaggerating their opinions for free, because gaining extra influence incurs a higher cost.<\/p>\r\n  <p>How does it work? Voters distribute a budget of \"voice credits\" across several subjects. Allocating multiple votes to a single subject costs credits according to a quadratic rate: 1 vote is worth 1 credit, 2 votes are worth 4 credits, 3 votes are worth 9 credits, etc. This allows for the expression of strong opinions while preventing the domination of the ballot by a few loud voices.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p>The second phase, financial and oriented \"play-to-give\", began in June 2025 by leveraging the three winning games from the first phase vote. The Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) of The Sandbox voted to allocate 30,000 SAND tokens, the platform's native crypto-asset, to constitute the Prize Pool. A fundraiser was organized among metaverse players, who bought NFTs, acquiring items usable in the game. They also had the opportunity to donate directly to the associations. The two winners, and beneficiaries of the donation campaign, the associations Clinic+<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt283\" id=\"ftnt_ref283\">[283]<\/a><\/span> in Guinea and Puerta18<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt284\" id=\"ftnt_ref284\">[284]<\/a><\/span> in Argentina, received specific support, revealing in the process the necessary education of beneficiary structures in crypto-asset treasury management, and notably, the creation of wallets, their security, and the conversion of crypto-assets into local currencies. This initiative constitutes less an immediate massive funding solution than an experimental laboratory for new, unprecedented models of governance and value distribution.<\/p>\r\n<p>The final example is that of the German branch of the WWF, in partnership with the organization Savespecies and the metaverse platform Journee. Together, they launched an immersive and award-winning virtual exhibition named #OceanDetox<span class=\"sup\"><a href=\"#ftnt285\" id=\"ftnt_ref285\">[285]<\/a><\/span>. Launched on the occasion of World Cleanup Day on September 17, 2022, this experience aimed to raise awareness among the public, and particularly younger generations, about ocean plastic pollution in an innovative and engaging way. Accessible for free from any browser, the exhibition transported users into a virtual world where they could explore a digital marine environment. The centerpiece of this experience was an animated whale, designed realistically and made up of 50 floating plastic waste objects. This strong artistic representation, created by artist Etienne Kiefer of Savespecies, strikingly illustrated the scale of the crisis.<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-088f61e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"088f61e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1440\" height=\"757\" src=\"https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image15.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-4015\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image15.png 1440w, https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image15-300x158.png 300w, https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image15-1024x538.png 1024w, https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/image15-768x404.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1440px) 100vw, 1440px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4090de8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"4090de8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- text restarting here after image -->\r\n<p>The initiative integrated a \"Play-to-Donate\" mechanism (see supra) through which visitors had the possibility to buy these waste objects in the form of Trash NFTs on the Polygon blockchain, with each purchase representing a direct donation. The funds collected served to finance real plastic removal projects from the oceans, notably on the island of Phu Quoc in Vietnam, a region particularly affected by tourism-related plastic pollution. While the operation initially communicated a result of 2,453 kg of plastic removed, more recent sources report a much larger total, reaching over 8,200 kg of waste collected thanks to this campaign. The #OceanDetox operation can be seen as an example of how the metaverse and NFTs are used to create real-impact experiences, generating both awareness and funds for conservation actions.<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-919ea13 enjeux elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"919ea13\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 id=\"h.j8ztpspsay8z\">Risks, Challenges, and Future Prospects<\/h2>\r\n<p>The adoption of Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) in the solidarity sector, while promising in terms of efficiency and transparency, faces ethical risks and regulatory challenges that require a didactic and rigorous approach to ensure that innovation serves the autonomy and sovereignty of beneficiaries.<\/p>\r\n<p>The introduction of Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) in the humanitarian aid sector acts as a pharmakon, a potential remedy and poison, posing major ethical risks, particularly for the most vulnerable populations. The risk of crypto-colonialism relies on the reproduction of historical power dynamics, where technological solutions are imposed from the top down, notably by private technology companies and humanitarian agencies from the Global North. This phenomenon manifests through the financialization of data, potential outsourcing loopholes, and major risks related to the use of beneficiary biometric data.<\/p>\r\n<p>The adoption of these technologies also generates risks of exclusion and loss of sovereignty for beneficiaries, notably due to the digital divide specific to these new technologies, and risks of immutability and stigmatization due to the immutable nature of these distributed ledgers, should beneficiary identities be divulged.<\/p>\r\n<p>The regulatory environment around crypto-assets and DLTs also remains uncertain and constantly evolving, posing major challenges for solidarity actors. The status of Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs), particularly charitable or humanitarian ones, is surrounded by legal uncertainties stemming from the absence of legal personality. Since the very nature of a DAO is not to have legal personality in the traditional sense and because they are not registered in any public registry, this raises issues of law enforcement, tax regime, and capacity to contract, own assets, and take legal action. Furthermore, the absence of legal personality makes determining civil, criminal, or regulatory liability complex, as prosecutions could focus on identifiable persons associated with the DAO, such as de facto leaders, founders, developers, or even governance token holders.<\/p>\r\n<p>Non-profit organizations must also navigate a strict regulatory landscape, particularly in Europe and France. Laws on Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism (AML\/CFT) require donor verification (Know Your Customer, KYC), which introduces friction into the donation journey. NGOs must avoid anonymous donations and ensure protocols are in place by their service providers. The provision of crypto-asset services also requires Digital Asset Service Provider (DASP) registration in France. The MiCA (Markets in Crypto-Assets) regulation introduces new obligations regarding the issuance of Electronic Money Tokens (EMT), such as stablecoins. Finally, crypto-asset volatility demands clear treasury policies, while risks of smart contract flaws or private key theft necessitate the use of multi-signature wallets and external audits.<\/p>\r\n<p>Beyond these limits inherent to a still largely immature sector, the report \"Aides, Charit\u00e9 &amp; Philanthropie 2025\/2026\" published by the association Blockchain for Good reveals that the impact of Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) transcends the simple creation of a new fundraising channel for Non-profit organizations.<\/p>\r\n<p>\"Crypto philanthropy\" inaugurates the emergence of new \"realms of possibility\", aiming for a new type of transparency, increased efficiency in fund transfers, and a redefinition of international aid governance. This transformation operates on three structural levels: that of the donor, that of solidarity actors, and finally, that of the beneficiary.<\/p>\r\n<p>From the donor's perspective, trust\u2014the pillar of traditional philanthropy based on reputation\u2014is redefined by crypto-philanthropy to be founded on verifiable proof. Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) provide an immutable and publicly verifiable ledger allowing donors to track the use of their contributions \"end-to-end\". Furthermore, new forms of engagement are emerging, driven by technologically savvy communities capable of rapid and massive mobilization, as illustrated by the collection of over 100 million dollars following the 2022 Russian invasion. These communities initiate Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) that sometimes amplify the voice of the many. For example, the Quadratic Funding mechanism, proposed by platforms like Gitcoin, prioritizes the signal sent by the number of donors rather than the amount of individual donations, thus reinforcing democracy in patronage allocation.<\/p>\r\n<p>From the solidarity actors' perspective, Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) offer new digital infrastructures allowing global operational optimization. By bypassing traditional financial systems, crypto-assets enable faster and cheaper cross-border transfers. The use of smart contracts and external data (Oracles) allows for the deployment of new types of aid, anticipatory or conditional.<\/p>\r\n<p>This programmability can automatically trigger the sending of funds as soon as a predictive disaster threshold is reached, drastically reducing payment times. Philanthropic DAOs, such as the Big Green DAO, have demonstrated the capacity to reduce overhead costs (less than 5% versus about 15% for a traditional foundation) by transferring decision-making power to stakeholders directly on the ground.<\/p>\r\n<p>From the beneficiary's perspective, Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) present a double potential, acting as a pharmakon. On one hand, they are a remedy offering unprecedented inclusion to unbanked populations or those without formal proof of identity, the only prerequisite being access to a crypto-asset wallet via a simple mobile phone. Aid can be transferred directly, reinforcing beneficiary autonomy and security. For example, the partnership between the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP, via Tadamon) and the Cardano Foundation uses Verifiable Credentials to grant digital identity to Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), reducing their validation time from several weeks to a few minutes.<\/p>\r\n<p>On the other hand, these innovations introduce the peril of crypto-colonialism. This critique highlights the risk of reproducing historical power dynamics, particularly when private technology companies and humanitarian agencies collaborate using refugee biometrics. The integration of biometric identity systems raises major ethical controversies, a risk of financialization of displaced populations' personal data, and the risk that the absence of regulatory safeguards allows private actors to test new technologies without direct accountability.<\/p>\r\n<p>Crypto-philanthropy is oriented towards a profound transformation of how social results are funded and measured. The future likely lies in the alignment of economic incentives and measurable social results. New forms of aid are evolving towards impact-proof funding (ex-post), a model that rewards real, already-produced impact, as opposed to prospective funding (ex-ante) which relies on project promises. Protocols like Hypercerts illustrate this approach by allowing funders to buy digital certificates representing proven impacts, thus ensuring funds are allocated solely to proven results.<\/p>\r\n<p>The final challenge facing the solidarity sector is therefore twofold: technical and ethical. It is no longer a question of whether Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) will persist, but whether the sector will be capable of integrating it responsibly, ensuring that innovations, potentially reinforced by Artificial Intelligence (AI), serve operational efficiency, social and environmental impact, as well as the autonomy and sovereignty of stakeholders, including beneficiaries. This implies prioritizing open-source solutions and genuinely decentralized governance mechanisms, to ensure that technocratic efficiency does not override human dignity and the protection of the most vulnerable populations.<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-389c3ee fn-container e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"389c3ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"footNotes\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1418046 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1418046\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">notes &amp; references<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da34735 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"da34735\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"ftnt1\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref1\">[1]<\/a> OECD, Official development assistance (ODA), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/topics\/official-development-assistance-oda.html\" target=\"_blank\">oecd.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt2\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref2\">[2]<\/a> OECD (2024), Development Co-operation Report 2024: Tackling Poverty and Inequalities through the Green Transition, OECD Publishing, Paris, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/357b63f7-en\" target=\"_blank\">doi.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt3\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref3\">[3]<\/a> Followed by Germany ($36.7 billion), Japan ($19.6 billion), the United Kingdom ($19.1 billion), and France ($15.4 billion) (Source: Ibid.).<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt4\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref4\">[4]<\/a> Understanding development aid (an overview). Focus 2030, 14 May 2021 <a href=\"https:\/\/focus2030.org\/Understanding-development-aid-an-overview\" target=\"_blank\">focus2030.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt5\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref5\">[5]<\/a> Global Outlook on Financing for Sustainable Development 2025. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/publications\/global-outlook-on-financing-for-sustainable-development-2025_753d5368-en.html\" target=\"_blank\">oecd.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt6\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref6\">[6]<\/a> OECD (2025), \u201cCuts in official development assistance: OECD projections for 2025 and the near term\u201d, OECD Policy Briefs, No. 26, OECD Publishing, Paris, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/8c530629-en\" target=\"_blank\">doi.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt7\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref7\">[7]<\/a> Center for Global Development, \"USAID Cuts: New Estimates at the Country Level\", Justin Sandefur, Charles Kenny March 26, 2025. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cgdev.org\/blog\/%20usaid-cuts-new-estimates-country-level\" target=\"_blank\">cgdev.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt8\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref8\">[8]<\/a> Interview with Guillaume Soto-Mayor and In\u00e8s Haultfoeuille. Egregor x Blockchain for Good, November 2025.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt9\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref9\">[9]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt10\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref10\">[10]<\/a> Development co-operation, OECD, 2025 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/content\/oecd\/en\/topics\/policy-issues\/development-co-operation.html\" target=\"_blank\">oecd.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt11\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref11\">[11]<\/a> In 2024, remittance flows to low-and middle-income countries are expected to reach $685 billion, larger than FDI and ODA combined Dilip RathaSonia PlazaEung Ju Kim December 18, 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.worldbank.org\/en\/peoplemove\/in-2024--remittance-flows-to-low--and-middle-income-countries-ar\" target=\"_blank\">blogs.worldbank.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt12\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref12\">[12]<\/a> The Giving Institute. (2024). Giving USA 2024: The Annual Report on Philanthropy for the Year 2023. Giving USA Foundation. <a href=\"https:\/\/givingusa.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">givingusa.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt13\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref13\">[13]<\/a> France G\u00e9n\u00e9rosit\u00e9s, Barom\u00e8tre de la g\u00e9n\u00e9rosit\u00e9 2024 (FR). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.francegenerosites.org\/ressources\/barometre-de-la-generosite-2024-france-generosites-juin-2025\/\" target=\"_blank\">francegenerosites.org<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt14\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref14\">[14]<\/a> France G\u00e9n\u00e9rosit\u00e9s, &amp; Fondation de France. (2024). Panorama national des g\u00e9n\u00e9rosit\u00e9s (3e \u00e9d.). France G\u00e9n\u00e9rosit\u00e9s (FR). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.francegenerosites.org\/ressources\/panorama-national-des-generosites-2024-decembre-2024\/\" target=\"_blank\">francegenerosites.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt15\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref15\">[15]<\/a> Charities Aid Foundation. (2024). UK Giving Report 2024. CAF. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cafonline.org\/insights\/research\/uk-giving-report\/\" target=\"_blank\">cafonline.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt16\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref16\">[16]<\/a> Schuyt, T. N. M. (Ed.). (2022). Giving in the Netherlands 2022. Springer <a href=\"https:\/\/library.oapen.org\/handle\/20.500.12657\/59146\" target=\"_blank\">library.oapen.org<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt17\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref17\">[17]<\/a> 2025 Annual Report On Crypto Philanthropy, <a href=\"https:\/\/thegivingblock.com\/annual-report\/\" target=\"_blank\">thegivingblock.com<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt18\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref18\">[18]<\/a> Interview with Guillaume Soto-Mayor and In\u00e8s Haultfoeuille. Egregor x Blockchain for Good, November 2025.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt19\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref19\">[19]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/data.theblockchainforgood.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">data.theblockchainforgood.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt20\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref20\">[20]<\/a> 2025 Annual Report On Crypto Philanthropy, <a href=\"https:\/\/thegivingblock.com\/annual-report\/\" target=\"_blank\">thegivingblock.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt21\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref21\">[21]<\/a> Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin is liquidating millions of dollars worth of memecoins to fund his Kanro charity By Daniel Kuhn People \u2022 January 6, 2025, 10:58AM EST <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theblock.co\/post\/333229\/ethereum-co-founder-vitalik-buterin-is-liquidating-millions-of-dollars-worth-of-memecoins-to-fund-his-kanro-charity\" target=\"_blank\">theblock.co<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt22\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref22\">[22]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.radicalxchange.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">radicalxchange.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt23\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref23\">[23]<\/a> Interview between the RadicalxChange Foundation and Blockchain for Good, Aouatef Khelloqi, November 2025.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt24\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref24\">[24]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicefventurefund.org\/crypto-funding#track-funds\" target=\"_blank\">unicefventurefund.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt25\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref25\">[25]<\/a> Bitcoin explorer : <a href=\"https:\/\/btc4.trezor.io\/tx\/8bab8a3286e7a1b2b93ed86588a98876e8de510c5e8ad3922abb2351b49b43f7\" target=\"_blank\">btc4.trezor.io<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt26\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref26\">[26]<\/a> Ethereum explorer : <a href=\"https:\/\/etherscan.io\/tx\/0x659566ad82bf3fb89c54b3ce25583df0138605272381aaf7ff3883b2d9e651e0\" target=\"_blank\">etherscan.io<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt27\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref27\">[27]<\/a> See infra<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt28\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref28\">[28]<\/a> Interview between the RadicalxChange Foundation and Blockchain for Good, Aouatef Khelloqi, November 2025.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt29\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref29\">[29]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/giveth.io\/\" target=\"_blank\">giveth.io<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt30\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref30\">[30]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gitcoin.co\/\" target=\"_blank\">gitcoin.co<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt31\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref31\">[31]<\/a> \u201cWe spoke to the vigilante hackers who stole $85 million in ether to save it\u201d, Jack Morse, Mashable, Jul 26 2017, <a href=\"https:\/\/mashable.com\/article\/ethereum-stolen-white-hat-group-rescued#ZPTC98wSEPOp\" target=\"_blank\">mashable.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt32\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref32\">[32]<\/a> \u201cGiveth\u201d, LinkedIn, retrieved May 10 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/givethio\/about\/\" target=\"_blank\">linkedin.com<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt33\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref33\">[33]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/giveth.io\/\" target=\"_blank\">giveth.io<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt34\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref34\">[34]<\/a> \u201cWelcome to the GIVeconomy\u201d, Lauren, Dec 24, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/giveth\/welcome-to-the-giveconomy-b3e372da63dd\" target=\"_blank\">medium.com<\/a> Retrieved May 23, 2022.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt35\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref35\">[35]<\/a> Consensys, founded by Joseph Lubin, a co-founder of Ethereum, is a leading software development and Web3 company, primarily known for creating flagship tools for the ecosystem, notably the MetaMask wallet. <a href=\"https:\/\/consensys.io\/\" target=\"_blank\">consensys.io<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt36\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref36\">[36]<\/a> \"We propose a design for philanthropic or publicly-funded matching funds to allow for the (quasi) optimal provision of a decentralized, self-organizing ecosystem of public goods. This concept extends ideas from quadratic voting to a funding mechanism for endogenous community formation. Citizens make contributions to public goods projects of value to them. The amount received by the project is proportional to the square of the sum of the square roots of contributions received. Under the 'standard model', this yields optimal provision of public goods. Variations of the mechanism can limit the cost, protect against collusion, and aid coordination. We discuss applications to campaign finance, open source software ecosystems, news media finance, and urban public projects. Broadly, we seek to situate our mechanism in a political theory of how to solve the problem of public goods with neutral and non-authoritarian rules for society while supporting collective organization.\"<\/p>\r\n  <p>Buterin, Vitalik and Hitzig, Zo\u00eb and Weyl, Eric Glen, Liberal Radicalism: A Flexible Design For Philanthropic Matching Funds (December 2018). <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3243656\" target=\"_blank\">dx.doi.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt37\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref37\">[37]<\/a> Interview between the RadicalxChange Foundation and Blockchain for Good, Aouatef Khelloqi, November 2025.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt38\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref38\">[38]<\/a> More information: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wtfisqf.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">wtfisqf.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt39\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref39\">[39]<\/a> Gitcoin Grants is a crowdfunding platform relying on a fund allocation mechanism based on Quadratic Funding. <a href=\"https:\/\/grants.gitcoin.co\/\" target=\"_blank\">grants.gitcoin.co<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt40\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref40\">[40]<\/a> Gitcoin &lt;&gt; UNICEF: A powerful Quadratic Funding collaboration pilot, November 21, 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gitcoin.co\/blog\/gitcoin-unicef-qf-collaboration-pilot\" target=\"_blank\">gitcoin.co<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt41\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref41\">[41]<\/a> The Oakland Fund for Public Innovation <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oaklandfund.org\" target=\"_blank\">oaklandfund.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt42\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref42\">[42]<\/a> Plurality: Technology for Collaborative Diversity and Democracy Audrey Tang, E. Glen Weyl September 15, 2022 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.radicalxchange.org\/updates\/blog\/plurality-technology-for-collaborative-diversity-and-democracy\/#english\" target=\"_blank\">radicalxchange.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt43\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref43\">[43]<\/a> <em>\u00ab Downtown Stimulus Program \u00bb<\/em>, Katie Johnson, Aug 7, 2020. Review <a href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/@katiebrenjohnson\/downtown-stimulus-program-review-e89f67e29f4f\" target=\"_blank\">medium.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt44\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref44\">[44]<\/a> Gitcoin Grant #6, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gitcoin.co\/blog\/gitcoin-grants-round-6\" target=\"_blank\">gitcoin.co<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt45\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref45\">[45]<\/a> Novak, M. (2023). Crypto altruism: Applying blockchain to charitable and humanitarian activities. Chinese Public Administration Review, 15(1), 11-23. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15396754231175173\" target=\"_blank\">doi.org<\/a> (Original work published 2024)<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt46\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref46\">[46]<\/a> Redefining Charitable Giving in the Digital Age <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pwc.ch\/en\/insights\/fs\/crypto-contributions.html\" target=\"_blank\">pwc.ch<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt47\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref47\">[47]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt48\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref48\">[48]<\/a> Reimagined Philanthropy: A Roadmap to a More Just World, Rockfeller, Philanthropy Advisors <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rockpa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Volume-1-Reimagined-Philanthropy-A-Roadmap-to-a-More-Just-World-PDF.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">rockpa.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt49\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref49\">[49]<\/a> Aping into Progress: A Report on Crypto Philanthropy Authors Bryan Lehrer, July 06 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/otherinter.net\/research\/crypto-philanthropy\/\" target=\"_blank\">otherinter.net<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt50\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref50\">[50]<\/a> The State of the World's Cash 2023 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.calpnetwork.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/The-State-of-the-Worlds-Cash-2023-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">calpnetwork.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt51\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref51\">[51]<\/a> Interview with Guillaume Soto-Mayor and In\u00e8s Haultfoeuille. Egregor x Blockchain for Good, November 2025.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt52\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref52\">[52]<\/a> Pilot Insights | How Stablecoins Transformed Aid in Syria\u201496% Faster, 60% Cheaper Oct 16, 2025 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mercycorpsventures.com\/blog\/pilot-insights-how-stablecoins-transformed-aid-in-syria96-faster-60-cheaper\" target=\"_blank\">mercycorpsventures.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt53\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref53\">[53]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt54\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref54\">[54]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt55\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref55\">[55]<\/a> Digital Humanitarian Payments to Vulnerable Afghans By Michael Callen (LSE), Miguel Fajardo-Steinh\u00e4user (LSE), Michael Findley (UT Austin), Tarek Ghani (WUSTL) and Shahim Kabuli 1 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.povertyactionlab.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Callen%20et%20al.%202023_JPAL%20Policy%20Report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">povertyactionlab.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt56\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref56\">[56]<\/a> Pilot Insights | How Stablecoins Transformed Aid in Syria\u201496% Faster, 60% Cheaper Oct 16, 2025 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mercycorpsventures.com\/blog\/pilot-insights-how-stablecoins-transformed-aid-in-syria96-faster-60-cheaper\" target=\"_blank\">mercycorpsventures.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt57\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref57\">[57]<\/a> <em>\u00ab How HesabPay became the first and only interoperable digital payments platform in Afghanistan \u00bb<\/em>, Algorand Foundation, December 16, 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/algorand.co\/case-studies\/how-hesabpay-became-the-first-and-only-interoperable-digital-payments-platform-in-afghanistan\" target=\"_blank\">algorand.co<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt58\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref58\">[58]<\/a> The USSD code, standing for Unstructured Supplementary Service Data, is a telephony communication protocol that enables instant interaction with a service via short codes (such as 123#). Operating without an internet connection and compatible with the most basic mobile phones, it constitutes the standard technology for accessing essential services\u2014such as mobile money, crypto-assets, or balance inquiries\u2014in areas with limited network coverage.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt59\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref59\">[59]<\/a> According to Mercy Corps, \"the inability of local mobile networks to send PIN codes proved to be the 'biggest surprise', necessitating a workaround that allowed verification codes to be transmitted via WhatsApp. Furthermore, although all participants possessed a smartphone, some older participants found learning the digital wallet difficult, which required additional support and training. Internet connectivity issues were resolved through mobile hotspots installed in central public areas\".<\/p>\r\n  <p>Source : <em>\u00abPilot Insights | How Stablecoins Transformed Aid in Syria\u201496% Faster, 60% Cheaper\u00bb<\/em>, Oct 16, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mercycorpsventures.com\/blog\/pilot-insights-how-stablecoins-transformed-aid-in-syria96-faster-60-cheaper\" target=\"_blank\">mercycorpsventures.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt60\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref60\">[60]<\/a> Chainalysis is an American company specializing in the analysis of data derived from public blockchains and crypto-assets. It develops software tools for governments and financial institutions to track and analyze transactions, particularly for the purposes of regulatory compliance and financial crime investigation. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chainalysis.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">chainalysis.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt61\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref61\">[61]<\/a> <em>\u00ab How HesabPay became the first and only interoperable digital payments platform in Afghanistan \u00bb<\/em>, Algorand Foundation, December 16, 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/algorand.co\/case-studies\/how-hesabpay-became-the-first-and-only-interoperable-digital-payments-platform-in-afghanistan\" target=\"_blank\">algorand.co<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt62\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref62\">[62]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.grassrootseconomics.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">grassrootseconomics.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt63\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref63\">[63]<\/a> Clark, A., Mihailov, A. &amp; Zargham, M. Complex Systems Modeling of Community Inclusion Currencies. Comput Econ 64, 1259\u20131294 (2024). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10614-023-10445-9\" target=\"_blank\">doi.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt64\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref64\">[64]<\/a> One Year of Impacts 2024 Thu 31 October 2024 By Njambi Njoroge <a href=\"https:\/\/www.grassrootseconomics.org\/impacts-2024\" target=\"_blank\">grassrootseconomics.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt65\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref65\">[65]<\/a> Clark, A., Mihailov, A. &amp; Zargham, M. Complex Systems Modeling of Community Inclusion Currencies. Comput Econ 64, 1259\u20131294 (2024). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10614-023-10445-9\" target=\"_blank\">doi.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt66\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref66\">[66]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt67\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref67\">[67]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt68\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref68\">[68]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/coalapay.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">coalapay.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt69\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref69\">[69]<\/a> Shift is a campaign accelerator designed by Save the Children that supports young activists (aged 15-25 years) to design and deliver public campaigns for social or environmental change. <a href=\"https:\/\/resourcecentre.savethechildren.net\/document\/shift-implementation-guide\" target=\"_blank\">resourcecentre.savethechildren.net<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt70\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref70\">[70]<\/a> <em>\u00ab How Stablecoins Can Accelerate Localisation \u00bb<\/em>, Kourtney Rusow, Andy Nilsen, Chrispine Botha, Rigsar Wangchuk, Coala Pay, Save the Children, Shift Power Organisation, September 2025.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt71\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref71\">[71]<\/a> MetaMask est un portefeuille num\u00e9rique de cryptomonnaie <a href=\"https:\/\/metamask.io\" target=\"_blank\">metamask.io<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt72\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref72\">[72]<\/a> Yellow Card, <em>\u00ab The first licensed Stablecoin on\/off-ramp in Africa \u00bb<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/linktr.ee\/yellowcard_app\" target=\"_blank\">linktr.ee<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt73\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref73\">[73]<\/a> <em>\u00ab How Stablecoins Can Accelerate Localisation \u00bb<\/em>, Kourtney Rusow, Andy Nilsen, Chrispine Botha, Rigsar Wangchuk, Coala Pay, Save the Children, Shift Power Organisation, September 2025.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt74\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref74\">[74]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt75\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref75\">[75]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.swift.com\/fr\" target=\"_blank\">swift.com<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt76\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref76\">[76]<\/a> DIVA Donate Cost reporting <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.divadonate.xyz\/overview\/cost-reporting\" target=\"_blank\">docs.divadonate.xyz<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt77\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref77\">[77]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.divadonate.xyz\/\" target=\"_blank\">divadonate.xyz<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt78\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref78\">[78]<\/a> Crypto Donations: The State of Play, Opportunities, Regulations, and Tax Treatment in the EU and France July 10, 2025 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.morganlewis.com\/pubs\/2025\/07\/crypto-donations-the-state-of-play-opportunities-regulations-and-tax-treatment-in-the-eu-and-france\" target=\"_blank\">morganlewis.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt79\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref79\">[79]<\/a> \u2018Our partnership with GIZ is vital for the people of Syria\u2019, Daher Zedan, 11.02.2025 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.giz.de\/en\/newsroom\/stories\/our-partnership-giz-vital-people-syria\" target=\"_blank\">giz.de<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt80\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref80\">[80]<\/a> ID ASSIST Regional Humanitarian Partnership Week, Bangkok Transforming Humanitarian Aid Delivery Through Blockchain <a href=\"https:\/\/www.icvanetwork.org\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Stellar-Aid-Assist-Transforming-Humanitarian-Aid-Delivery-Through-Blockchain.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">icvanetwork.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt81\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref81\">[81]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/digibankar.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">digibankar.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt82\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref82\">[82]<\/a> How GIZ and UOSSM used Stellar to transform payroll delivery in a conflict zone <a href=\"https:\/\/stellar.org\/case-studies\/giz-uossm\" target=\"_blank\">stellar.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt83\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref83\">[83]<\/a> The Bitcoin NGO Guide, Leigh Cuen, Human Rights Foundation, Bitcoin Policy Institute, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.btcfornonprofits.org\" target=\"_blank\">btcfornonprofits.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt84\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref84\">[84]<\/a> Grants | Big Green DAO, consulted october 31, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/dao.biggreen.org\/grants\" target=\"_blank\">dao.biggreen.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt85\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref85\">[85]<\/a> <em>\u00ab We've spent the last 12 years helping people grow their own food\u2014through garden-based education, modular and scalable gardening products and systems, and a supportive, collaborative community. We've built a network of over 700 vibrant, edible learning gardens in schools across the country and are now advancing home, school, and community gardens nationwide. \u00bb<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/biggreen.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">biggreen.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt86\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref86\">[86]<\/a> BIG GREEN DAO disrupting philanthropic hierarchies The first non-profit led philanthropic DAO <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theouterhaven.org\/dao\/\" target=\"_blank\">theouterhaven.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt87\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref87\">[87]<\/a> Big Green DAO: Home, <a href=\"https:\/\/dao.biggreen.org\/home\" target=\"_blank\">dao.biggreen.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt88\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref88\">[88]<\/a> Grantmaking - Big Green, <a href=\"https:\/\/biggreen.org\/grantmaking\/\" target=\"_blank\">biggreen.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt89\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref89\">[89]<\/a> Big Green DAO: Home, consulted october 31, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/dao.biggreen.org\/home\" target=\"_blank\">dao.biggreen.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt90\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref90\">[90]<\/a> Proposal | Big Green DAO, consulted october 31, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/dao.biggreen.org\/proposals\/0x3e893a2aa7eeaeea094f00f7c16c8f0ccbacda8e401317c764a5f411d54a9e24\" target=\"_blank\">dao.biggreen.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt91\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref91\">[91]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt92\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref92\">[92]<\/a> Big Green DAO: Home, consulted october 31, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/dao.biggreen.org\/home\" target=\"_blank\">dao.biggreen.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt93\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref93\">[93]<\/a> Grantmaking - Big Green, consulted october 31, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/biggreen.org\/grantmaking\/\" target=\"_blank\">biggreen.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt94\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref94\">[94]<\/a> DAO Election - Big Green, consulted october 31, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/biggreen.org\/election\/\" target=\"_blank\">biggreen.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt95\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref95\">[95]<\/a> Dao | Outer Haven, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theouterhaven.org\/dao\/\" target=\"_blank\">theouterhaven.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt96\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref96\">[96]<\/a> Grants | Big Green DAO, <a href=\"https:\/\/dao.biggreen.org\/grants\" target=\"_blank\">dao.biggreen.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt97\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref97\">[97]<\/a> Grantmaking - Big Green, <a href=\"https:\/\/biggreen.org\/grantmaking\/\" target=\"_blank\">biggreen.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt98\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref98\">[98]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/ethelo.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">ethelo.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt99\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref99\">[99]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt100\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref100\">[100]<\/a> Introducing Ethelo - How can we make better decisions in web3 ..., consulted october 31, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/gov.gitcoin.co\/t\/introducing-ethelo-how-can-we-make-better-decisions-in-web3\/11187\" target=\"_blank\">gov.gitcoin.co<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt101\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref101\">[101]<\/a> John Rawls <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Rawls_(philosophe)\" target=\"_blank\">fr.wikipedia.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt102\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref102\">[102]<\/a> Introducing Ethelo - How can we make better decisions in web3 ..., consulted october 31, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/gov.gitcoin.co\/t\/introducing-ethelo-how-can-we-make-better-decisions-in-web3\/11187\" target=\"_blank\">gov.gitcoin.co<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt103\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref103\">[103]<\/a>See section: 1.2. Decentralized organizations and applications &gt; 1.2.1 Supported by a crypto community<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt104\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref104\">[104]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt105\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref105\">[105]<\/a> Grantmaking - Big Green, consulted october 31, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/biggreen.org\/grantmaking\/\" target=\"_blank\">biggreen.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt106\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref106\">[106]<\/a> Trusted Budget Expenditure Regime<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt107\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref107\">[107]<\/a> \u201cA blockchain-based workflow tool for an efficient and transparent project management\u201d, TruBudget, retrieved May 10 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/openkfw.github.io\/trubudget-website\/\" target=\"_blank\">openkfw.github.io<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt108\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref108\">[108]<\/a> World Bank Group Tracks Project Funds with New Blockchain Tool <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/press-release\/2025\/09\/26\/world-bank-group-tracks-project-funds-with-new-blockchain-tool\" target=\"_blank\">worldbank.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt109\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref109\">[109]<\/a> World Bank FundsChain Blockchain for Disbursement Traceability Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ), September 30,2025 <a href=\"https:\/\/ebizprd.worldbank.org\/assets\/docs\/FundsChain-FAQs-External-French.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">ebizprd.worldbank.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt110\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref110\">[110]<\/a> Building Blocks Blockchain network for humanitarian assistance - <a href=\"https:\/\/innovation.wfp.org\/project\/building-blocks\" target=\"_blank\">innovation.wfp.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt111\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref111\">[111]<\/a> Building Blocks Blockchain network for humanitarian assistance - Graduated Project <a href=\"https:\/\/innovation.wfp.org\/project\/building-blocks\" target=\"_blank\">innovation.wfp.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt112\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref112\">[112]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt113\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref113\">[113]<\/a> Building Blocks <a href=\"https:\/\/innovation.wfp.org\/project\/building-blocks\" target=\"_blank\">innovation.wfp.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt114\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref114\">[114]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt115\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref115\">[115]<\/a> <em>\u00ab Governing Blocks: Building Interagency Consensus to Coordinate Humanitarian \u00bb<\/em> Aid Farah Awan, Soheib Nunhuck, Journal of Science Policy &amp; Governance, University College London Department of Science, Technology, Engineering and Public Policy, Vol. 16, Issue 2, May 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.38126\/JSPG160201\" target=\"_blank\">doi.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt116\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref116\">[116]<\/a> <em>\u00ab Charitable Giving \u2014 Blockchain Case Studies \u00bb<\/em>, Denise Tambanis, Blockchain Philanthropy Foundation, <a href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/bpfoundation\" target=\"_blank\">medium.com<\/a>. February 3, 2019<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt117\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref117\">[117]<\/a> <em>\u00ab Governing Blocks: Building Interagency Consensus to Coordinate Humanitarian \u00bb<\/em> Aid Farah Awan, Soheib Nunhuck, Journal of Science Policy &amp; Governance, University College London Department of Science, Technology, Engineering and Public Policy, Vol. 16, Issue 2, May 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.38126\/JSPG160201\" target=\"_blank\">doi.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt118\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref118\">[118]<\/a> Building Blocks Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs), wfp.orgv20230201<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt119\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref119\">[119]<\/a> The Next Generation Humanitarian Distributed Platform, Sofie Blakstad and Charlotte Melkun (hiveonline), Ric Shreves (Mercy Corps), Danish Red Cross, Mercy Corps and hiveonline, November 2020 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/352539202_The_Next_Generation_Humanitarian_Distributed_Platform_3\" target=\"_blank\">researchgate.net<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt120\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref120\">[120]<\/a> Building Blocks Blockchain network for humanitarian assistance - <a href=\"https:\/\/innovation.wfp.org\/project\/building-blocks\" target=\"_blank\">innovation.wfp.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt121\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref121\">[121]<\/a> Martin Lemberg-Pedersen &amp; Eman Haioty (2020) Re-assembling the surveillable refugee body in the era of data-craving, Citizenship Studies, 24:5, 607-624, DOI: 10.1080\/13621025.2020.1784641<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt122\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref122\">[122]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt123\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref123\">[123]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt124\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref124\">[124]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irisguard.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">irisguard.com<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt125\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref125\">[125]<\/a> IrisGuard, Industry Reports <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irisguard.com\/industry-insights\/\" target=\"_blank\">irisguard.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt126\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref126\">[126]<\/a> The Engine Room. (2018). Biometrics in the humanitarian sector. Oxfam International. <a href=\"https:\/\/policy-practice.oxfam.org\/resources\/biometrics-in-the-humanitarian-sector-620454\/\" target=\"_blank\">policy-practice.oxfam.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt127\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref127\">[127]<\/a> International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Sophisticated cyber-attack targets Red Cross Red Crescent data on 500,000 people, 19-01-2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/en\/document\/sophisticated-cyber-attack-targets-red-cross-red-crescent-data-500000-people\" target=\"_blank\">icrc.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt128\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref128\">[128]<\/a> Boiardi, P. et E. Stout (2021), <em>\u00ab To what extent can blockchain help development co-operation actors meet the 2030 Agenda? \u00bb<\/em>, OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers, n\u00b0 95, \u00c9ditions OCDE, Paris, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/11857cb5-en\" target=\"_blank\">doi.org<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt129\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref129\">[129]<\/a> \u201cA blockchain-based workflow tool for an efficient and transparent project management\u201d, TruBudget, retrieved May 10 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/openkfw.github.io\/trubudget-website\/\" target=\"_blank\">openkfw.github.io<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt130\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref130\">[130]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/openkfw\/TruBudget\" target=\"_blank\">github.com<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt131\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref131\">[131]<\/a> News from 2022-09-12 \/ KfW Development Bank Double upgrade for TruBudget software <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de\/About-us\/News\/News-Details_725696.html\" target=\"_blank\">kfw-entwicklungsbank.de<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt132\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref132\">[132]<\/a> AGUA: Revolutionizing Global Collaboration for Funding Transparency (with Growth Graduate Atix Labs) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicefventurefund.org\/story\/agua-revolutionizing-global-collaboration-funding-transparency-growth-graduate-atix-labs\" target=\"_blank\">unicefventurefund.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt133\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref133\">[133]<\/a> Atix Labs uses Rootstock which allows the creation of EVM-compatible smart contracts on the Bitcoin network. <a href=\"https:\/\/rootstock.io\/\" target=\"_blank\">rootstock.io<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt134\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref134\">[134]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/statwig.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">statwig.com<\/a> VaccineLedger is a blockchain-powered platform that tracks vaccines from manufacturing to delivery, ensuring transparency, reducing wastage, and improving efficiency.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt135\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref135\">[135]<\/a> Bangladesh launches nationwide typhoid conjugate vaccine campaign to protect 50 million children, 12 October 2025 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gavi.org\/news\/media-room\/bangladesh-launches-nationwide-typhoid-conjugate-vaccine-campaign-protect-50\" target=\"_blank\">gavi.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt136\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref136\">[136]<\/a> Stiegler, B. (2010). What makes life worth living: Pharmacology. Flammarion.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt137\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref137\">[137]<\/a> How GIZ and UOSSM used Stellar to transform payroll delivery in a conflict zone <a href=\"https:\/\/stellar.org\/case-studies\/giz-uossm\" target=\"_blank\">stellar.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt138\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref138\">[138]<\/a> A decade of action to end statelessness <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/what-we-do\/protect-human-rights\/ending-statelessness\/ibelong-campaign-end-statelessness\" target=\"_blank\">unhcr.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt139\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref139\">[139]<\/a> UNICEF, Birth registration <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/protection\/birth-registration\" target=\"_blank\">unicef.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt140\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref140\">[140]<\/a> According to the World Bank, 850 million people worldwide lack official identification; at least 1.1 billion people lack a digital record of their identity; at least 1.25 billion people lack a digitally verifiable identity; and at least 3.3 billion people lack access to a government-recognized digital identity to securely conduct online transactions. Source: World Bank, ID4D Initiative : <a href=\"https:\/\/id4d.worldbank.org\/global-dataset\" target=\"_blank\">id4d.worldbank.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt141\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref141\">[141]<\/a> See Chapter 5.1.2 Verifiable attestations and decentralized identifiers<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt142\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref142\">[142]<\/a> <em>\u00ab Blockchain Island A critical discourse analysis of the colonial construction of a Puerto Rican crypto utopia \u00bb<\/em>, Mar\u00eda De Los Milagros Col\u00f3n Cruz, N\u00b0264 Media@LSE, London School of Economics and Political Science, 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lse.ac.uk\/media-and-communications\/assets\/documents\/research\/msc-dissertations\/2021\/Colo%CC%81n.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">lse.ac.uk<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt143\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref143\">[143]<\/a> Toussaint Nothias, <em>\u00ab An intellectual history of digital colonialism \u00bb<\/em>, Journal of Communication, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/joc\/jqaf003\" target=\"_blank\">doi.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt144\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref144\">[144]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt145\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref145\">[145]<\/a> <em>\u00ab Blockchain Island A critical discourse analysis of the colonial construction of a Puerto Rican crypto utopia \u00bb<\/em>, Mar\u00eda De Los Milagros Col\u00f3n Cruz, N\u00b0264 Media@LSE, London School of Economics and Political Science, 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lse.ac.uk\/media-and-communications\/assets\/documents\/research\/msc-dissertations\/2021\/Colo%CC%81n.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">lse.ac.uk<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt146\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref146\">[146]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt147\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref147\">[147]<\/a> Naomi Klein recounts the struggle of Puerto Ricans who, in the aftermath of Hurricane Maria, are opposing a model of sustainable, community-based reconstruction to private interests\u2014the \u201cdisaster capitalists\u201d\u2014seeking to profit from the catastrophe to privatize the island\u2019s resources. She describes the massive influx of blockchain entrepreneurs and cryptocurrency investors, whom she dubs the \u201cPuertopians,\u201d who arrive on the island to take advantage of highly favorable tax laws. Their goal is to transform Puerto Rico into a \u201cCrypto Island\u201d or a libertarian paradise, exploiting the vacuum left by the disaster to impose their vision, which the author calls \u201ccrypto-colonialism.\u201d Klein, N. (2018). The battle for paradise: Puerto Rico takes on the disaster capitalists. Chicago, Illinois: Haymarket Books. <a href=\"https:\/\/catalog.freelibrary.org\/Record\/2419215\" target=\"_blank\">catalog.freelibrary.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt148\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref148\">[148]<\/a> <em>\u00ab Blockchain Island A critical discourse analysis of the colonial construction of a Puerto Rican crypto utopia \u00bb<\/em>, Mar\u00eda De Los Milagros Col\u00f3n Cruz, N\u00b0264 Media@LSE, London School of Economics and Political Science, 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lse.ac.uk\/media-and-communications\/assets\/documents\/research\/msc-dissertations\/2021\/Colo%CC%81n.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">lse.ac.uk<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt149\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref149\">[149]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt150\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref150\">[150]<\/a> Lemberg-Pedersen, M., &amp; Haioty, E. (2020). Re-assembling the surveillable refugee body in the era of data-craving. Citizenship Studies, 24(5), 607\u2013624. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13621025.2020.1784641\" target=\"_blank\">doi.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt151\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref151\">[151]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt152\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref152\">[152]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt153\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref153\">[153]<\/a> Toussaint Nothias, <em>\u00ab An intellectual history of digital colonialism \u00bb<\/em>, Journal of Communication, 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/joc\/jqaf003\" target=\"_blank\">doi.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt154\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref154\">[154]<\/a> \u00ab Contrary to what one might think, it is not just a simple photo of one iris, but of both irises and also photos of the entire face, in 2D and 3D, in visible light and under two types of infrared\u201d in \u201cWorldcoin (World ID): Useless, ineffective and dangerous\u201d, Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Martin, August 9, 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/worldcoin-world-id-inutile-inefficace-et-dangereux-fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric-martin\/\" target=\"_blank\">linkedin.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt155\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref155\">[155]<\/a> Worldcoin collecting biometric data, Parliamentary question - E-000961\/2024 European Parliament <a href=\"https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/doceo\/document\/E-9-2024-000961_EN.html\" target=\"_blank\">europarl.europa.eu<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt156\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref156\">[156]<\/a> Cheesman, M. (2020). Self-Sovereignty for Refugees? The Contested Horizons of Digital Identity. Geopolitics, 27(1), 134-159. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14650045.2020.1823836\" target=\"_blank\">doi.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt157\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref157\">[157]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt158\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref158\">[158]<\/a> Acclassato, D.-H. (2008). Do interest rate caps in microfinance actually benefit the poor and small economic actors? Mondes en d\u00e9veloppement, 141(1), 93-109. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3917\/med.141.0093\" target=\"_blank\">doi.org<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt159\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref159\">[159]<\/a> Beck, Thorsten. 2015. Microfinance: A Critical Literature Survey. IEG working paper,2015\/No.4;. \u00a9 Independent Evaluation Group, World Bank Group. <a href=\"http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10986\/23546\" target=\"_blank\">hdl.handle.net<\/a> License: CC BY 3.0 IGO<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt160\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref160\">[160]<\/a> Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL). 2023. \"Microcredit: impacts and promising innovations.\" J-PAL Policy Insights. Last modified May 2023 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.povertyactionlab.org\/policy-insight\/microcredit-impacts-and-promising-innovations\" target=\"_blank\">povertyactionlab.org<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt161\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref161\">[161]<\/a> Entretien avec Guillaume Soto-Mayor et In\u00e8s Haultfoeuille. Egrogor x Blockchain for Good, novembre 2025.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt162\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref162\">[162]<\/a> <em>\u00ab Evidence on Microcredit: Rethinking Financial Tools for the Poor \u00bb<\/em>, Abhijit Banerjee Massachusetts Institute of Technology Dean Karlan Northwestern University Jonathan Zinman Dartmouth College, Innovations for Poverty Action (IPA), 2015. <a href=\"https:\/\/poverty-action.org\/impact\/evidence-microcredit-rethinking-financial-tools-poor\" target=\"_blank\">poverty-action.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt163\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref163\">[163]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt164\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref164\">[164]<\/a> Banerjee, Abhijit, Esther Duflo, Rachel Glennerster, and Cynthia Kinnan. 2015. \"The Miracle of Microfinance? Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation.\" American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 7 (1): 22\u201353. DOI: 10.1257\/app.20130533<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt165\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref165\">[165]<\/a> Servet, J.-M. (2015). Chapter 6. Why is the impact of microcredit on poverty reduction in sub-Saharan Africa limited?. In B. Paranque &amp; R. P\u00e9rez (\u00e9ds.), La finance autrement ? (1\u2011). University presses of Septentrion. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4000\/books.septentrion.8287\" target=\"_blank\">doi.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt166\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref166\">[166]<\/a>Hosted within the World Bank, CGAP is a global partnership of more than 35 leading development organizations working to improve the lives of people living in poverty, particularly women, through financial inclusion. See in particular : Fragility and inclusive finance <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cgap.org\/topics\/collections\/fragility-and-inclusive-finance\" target=\"_blank\">cgap.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt167\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref167\">[167]<\/a> Duvendack, Maren &amp; Palmer-Jones, Richard &amp; Copestake, James &amp; Hooper, Lee &amp; Loke, Yoon &amp; Rao, Nitya. (2011). What is the Evidence of the Impact of Microfinance on the Well-Being of Poor People? EPPI-Centre.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt168\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref168\">[168]<\/a> Pilot Insights | Unlocking DeFi-powered Credit for Microentrepreneurs in Colombia, October 8, 2025. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mercycorpsventures.com\/blog\/pilot-insights-unlocking-defi-powered-credit-for-microentrepreneurs-in-colombia\" target=\"_blank\">mercycorpsventures.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt169\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref169\">[169]<\/a> Alcald\u00eda de Medell\u00edn Secretar\u00eda de Desarrollo Econ\u00f3mico, Banco Distrital de Medell\u00edn, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.medellin.gov.co\/es\/secretaria-desarrollo-economico\/banco-distrital-medellin\/\" target=\"_blank\">medellin.gov.co<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt170\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref170\">[170]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ethichub.com\/en\" target=\"_blank\">ethichub.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt171\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref171\">[171]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hivenetwork.online\/\" target=\"_blank\">hivenetwork.online<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt172\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref172\">[172]<\/a> The \"moment of reason\" is a legal fiction (a very short period of time) granted between the moment the cryptocurrency is transferred by the donor and the moment it is converted into fiat currency (euros, dollars, etc.) by the specialized service provider. This fiction allows it to be treated as if the beneficiary, the non-profit organization, had never held the cryptocurrency in its own wallet.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt173\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref173\">[173]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shift4.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">shift4.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt174\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref174\">[174]<\/a> BTCPay Server is an open-source, self-hosted software that allows merchants and individuals to accept Bitcoin payments without intermediaries or fees other than those charged by the Bitcoin network. It offers a secure, private, and free solution for managing Bitcoin payments directly to one's own wallet, whether online or in-store. This makes it a democratic, user-controlled alternative to centralized payment processors.. <a href=\"https:\/\/btcpayserver.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">btcpayserver.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt175\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref175\">[175]<\/a> <em>\u00abThe Bitcoin Development Fund (BDF) is dedicated to supporting individuals and projects that make Bitcoin and related freedom technologies more powerful tools for human rights defenders operating in challenging political environments. \u00bb<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/hrf.org\/program\/financial-freedom\/bitcoin-development-fund\/\" target=\"_blank\">hrf.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt176\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref176\">[176]<\/a> Born in the protest-driven California of the 1990s, the Cypherpunk movement is a fusion of the terms \"cipher\" and \"cyberpunk.\" It brings together cryptographers, programmers, and activists united by a fundamental conviction: cryptography is a political tool for liberation. Their thinking is crystallized in Eric Hughes's seminal work, \"A Cypherpunk's Manifesto,\" published in 1993. This text sets forth principles that still resonate today at the heart of the decentralized ecosystem. The manifesto asserts that \"privacy is necessary for an open society in the electronic age.\" In a world where communications and transactions are becoming increasingly digital, the ability of individuals to protect their personal information from government and corporate surveillance becomes a fundamental issue of freedom. Cypherpunks don't just advocate for privacy; they act. A key phrase in the manifesto underscores this pragmatic approach: \"Cypherpunks write code.\" They don't trust institutions to grant them privacy out of benevolence, but instead build the systems that guarantee it through the power of mathematics. This proactive approach, which consists of building tools to change society, is the very DNA of Web3 development.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt177\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref177\">[177]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/payjoin.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">payjoin.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt178\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref178\">[178]<\/a> <em>\u00ab Lido is a suite of open-source software that runs on the Ethereum blockchain. Through this protocol, users can create transferable utility tokens. These tokens generate rewards from transaction validation on the blockchain and can also be used in other applications within the ecosystem.\u00bb<\/em> The total value locked in the Lido protocol as of November 2025 is $33 billion. Source : <a href=\"https:\/\/lido.fi\/faq\" target=\"_blank\">lido.fi<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt179\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref179\">[179]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/rocketpool.net\/\" target=\"_blank\">rocketpool.net<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt180\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref180\">[180]<\/a> MSF launches \"Stake2Care\" to allow cryptocurrency users to support humanitarian action. 26\/09\/2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.msf.ch\/nos-actualites\/communiques-presse\/msf-lance-stake2care-permettre-aux-utilisateurs-cryptomonnaies\" target=\"_blank\">msf.ch<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt181\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref181\">[181]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/stake2care.msf.ch\/\" target=\"_blank\">stake2care.msf.ch<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt182\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref182\">[182]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.ch\/fr\/giga\" target=\"_blank\">unicef.ch<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt183\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref183\">[183]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.givedirectly.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">givedirectly.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt184\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref184\">[184]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mercycorps.org\/what-we-do\/ventures\" target=\"_blank\">mercycorps.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt185\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref185\">[185]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">unhcr.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt186\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref186\">[186]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/eth.impactstake.com\/social-impact\/\" target=\"_blank\">eth.impactstake.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt187\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref187\">[187]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.glodollar.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">glodollar.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt188\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref188\">[188]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt189\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref189\">[189]<\/a> Brale retains all returns generated on the first two million dollars. With an average short-term US Treasury bond or cash equivalent interest rate of 4.5%, this represents $90,000 per year. Since Glo Dollar's market capitalization has fluctuated between $3.5 million and $3.1 million since May 2023 (Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/coinmarketcap.com\/currencies\/glo-dollar\/\" target=\"_blank\">coinmarketcap.com<\/a>), the portion of cash income received by the Glo Foundation that it then donates in full ranges from $3,000 to $4,000 per month, amounting to $49,000 per year, which represents 35% of total income. The Glo Foundation donates all of its income to projects, a list of which can be found here: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.glodollar.org\/articles\/donations\" target=\"_blank\">glodollar.org<\/a>. To achieve a 50\/50 split between Brale and the Glo Foundation, the Glo Dollar would need to reach a capitalization of $4 million. At a capitalization of $50 million, if the share of Brale's income does not change; 96% of the income is redistributed.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt190\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref190\">[190]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.celopg.eco\/\" target=\"_blank\">celopg.eco<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt191\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref191\">[191]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gooddollar.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">gooddollar.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt192\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref192\">[192]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/ubeswap.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">ubeswap.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt193\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref193\">[193]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/gainforest.earth\/\" target=\"_blank\">gainforest.earth<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt194\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref194\">[194]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/hub.regencoordination.xyz\/\" target=\"_blank\">hub.regencoordination.xyz<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt195\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref195\">[195]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.refimedellin.org\/es\" target=\"_blank\">refimedellin.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt196\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref196\">[196]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.givedirectly.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">givedirectly.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt197\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref197\">[197]<\/a> Conna\u00eetre le label Finansol <a href=\"https:\/\/www.finance-fair.org\/fr\/connaitre-le-label-finansol\" target=\"_blank\">finance-fair.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt198\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref198\">[198]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tilvest.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">tilvest.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt199\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref199\">[199]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/boge-partners.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">boge-partners.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt200\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref200\">[200]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vadato.io\/\" target=\"_blank\">vadato.io<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt201\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref201\">[201]<\/a> Endaoment and Gitcoin Unveil New Universal Impact Pool to Kindle Philanthropic Giving, June 29th, 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/endaoment.mirror.xyz\/EXi2QTH98aZldEHD9HDBiqR4trGi4HxYJu0U_beT9NI\" target=\"_blank\">endaoment.mirror.xyz<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt202\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref202\">[202]<\/a> See 1.2. Decentralized organizations and applications &gt; 1.2.1 Driven by crypto community <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1DYgZ_p1AzcaGFb97ZCIWtR8HaNmZqMMsckvFK_XzKE0\/edit?tab=t.d79ur2kxbven#heading=h.nn9dm12gkys0\" target=\"_blank\">docs.google.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt203\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref203\">[203]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.every.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">every.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt204\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref204\">[204]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fidelitycharitable.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">fidelitycharitable.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt205\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref205\">[205]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.schwab.com\/donor-advised-fund\" target=\"_blank\">schwab.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt206\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref206\">[206]<\/a> <em>\u00abThe future of humanitarian aid: Anticipatory Action, Blockchain and AI \u00bb<\/em>, Podcast, Crypto Altruists Episode 192, Drew Simon, 18 f\u00e9vrier 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cryptoaltruists.com\/blog\/crypto-altruists-episode-192-mercy-corps-ventures-how-web3-ai-are-transforming-humanitarian-aid-with-anticipatory-action\" target=\"_blank\">cryptoaltruists.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt207\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref207\">[207]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gsma.com\/about-us\/\" target=\"_blank\">gsma.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt208\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref208\">[208]<\/a> Benson (Njuguna) Mbuthia, Chief Product Manager<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt209\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref209\">[209]<\/a> <em>\u00ab Blockchain-Powered Anticipatory Cash Transfers for Climate Shocks, ft. Shamba Network, Fortune Credit, and DIVA Donate \u00bb<\/em>, Podcast, Crypto Altruists Episode 177, Drew Simon, 22 octobre 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cryptoaltruists.com\/blog\/crypto-altruists-episode-177-blockchain-powered-anticipatory-cash-transfers-for-climate-shocks-ft-shamba-network-fortune-credit-and-diva-donate\" target=\"_blank\">cryptoaltruists.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt210\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref210\">[210]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt211\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref211\">[211]<\/a> Ripple Impact Pilot: RLUSD for Drought Relief in Kenya, April 4, 2025 <a href=\"https:\/\/ripple.com\/insights\/ripple-impact-pilot-rlusd-for-drought-relief-in-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\">ripple.com<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt212\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref212\">[212]<\/a> Fortune Credit Limited is a microfinance institution in Kenya that provides credit, insurance, and other non-financial services to over 50,000 clients nationwide. Fortune Credit's clients range from smallholder farmers and herders to micro-retailers and young people in the mobility sector. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mercycorps.org\/blog\/anticipatory-cash-transfers-in-kenya\" target=\"_blank\">mercycorps.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt213\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref213\">[213]<\/a>It turns out that cloud cover created outliers in the data, skewing the average vegetation index and triggering a payment that, according to the project's initiators, \"probably shouldn't have happened.\" Furthermore, the majority of the funds were not used to purchase fodder, but rather to buy more livestock, as farmers perceived the money as an investment in rebuilding their herds rather than preserving their existing ones.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt214\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref214\">[214]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt215\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref215\">[215]<\/a>See in particular \"Invisible Children\", Educational Dossier on Citizenship, Solidarity and Children's Rights Education, Middle\/High School Levels, October 2009, With the sponsorship of the Ministry of National<\/p>\r\n  <p>Education <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.fr\/sites\/default\/files\/userfiles\/les_enfants_invisibles.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">unicef.fr<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt216\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref216\">[216]<\/a> 1 milliard de personnes ne peuvent pas prouver leur identit\u00e9 dans le monde.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt217\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref217\">[217]<\/a> UNITED NATIONS, Goal 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries, 10.C Target, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/sustainabledevelopment\/inequality\/\" target=\"_blank\">un.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt218\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref218\">[218]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/identity.foundation\/\" target=\"_blank\">identity.foundation<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt219\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref219\">[219]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/interoperability.ifrc.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">interoperability.ifrc.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt220\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref220\">[220]<\/a> Dignified identities in cash programming \u2013 DIGID 2 <a href=\"https:\/\/hip.innovationnorway.com\/article\/dignified-identities-in-cash-programming-digid-2\" target=\"_blank\">hip.innovationnorway.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt221\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref221\">[221]<\/a> <em>\u00ab Investigating safe data sharing and systems interoperability in humanitarian cash assistance \u00bb<\/em>, Bryan Pon, Alphoncina Lyamuya, Emrys Schoemaker, and Horacio Nunez - Caribou Digital, Dignified Identities in Cash Assistance consortium (DIGID), the Norwegian Refugee Council, the Norwegian Red Cross and Save the Children Norway, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.calpnetwork.org\/publication\/investigating-safe-data-sharing-and-systems-interoperability-in-humanitarian-cash-assistance\/\" target=\"_blank\">calpnetwork.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt222\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref222\">[222]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/tadamon.community\/\" target=\"_blank\">tadamon.community<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt223\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref223\">[223]<\/a>The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), which has a permanent delegation within the United Nations, is an intergovernmental organization created on September 25, 1969 in Rabat and whose headquarters are located in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and whose mission is to promote cooperation in the economic, social, cultural and scientific fields.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt224\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref224\">[224]<\/a> The Islamic Development Bank or IDB, established in 1973 in Saudi Arabia, aims to be a global bank for Muslim-majority countries.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt225\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref225\">[225]<\/a> The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), located in New York, USA, is one of the UN programmes and funds whose role is to provide assistance to countries of the Global South.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt226\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref226\">[226]<\/a> Tadamon Accelerator - Food Security <a href=\"https:\/\/tadamon.community\/accelerator\" target=\"_blank\">tadamon.community<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt227\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref227\">[227]<\/a> See Graph \u201cDecentralized Identity and Verifiable Credentials\u201d in Chapter 5.1.2 Verifiable Credentials and Decentralized Identifiers.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt228\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref228\">[228]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.veridian.id\/\" target=\"_blank\">veridian.id<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt229\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref229\">[229]<\/a> <em>\u00ab Veridian: A Next-Generation Digital Identity Platform \u00bb<\/em>, Thomas A. Mayfield, April 2, 2025 <a href=\"https:\/\/cardanofoundation.org\/blog\/veridian-digital-identity-platform\" target=\"_blank\">cardanofoundation.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt230\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref230\">[230]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/globalvlei.com\/how-it-works\/\" target=\"_blank\">globalvlei.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt231\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref231\">[231]<\/a> \u00ab Outcomes-based financing (OBF) is defined by the OECD as approaches that link financing to the achievement of predefined objectives and are based on three essential characteristics: (1) The outcomes are defined collectively beforehand. (2) Payments are linked to the achievement of these outcomes, either partially or fully. (3) The outcomes are independently verified. Source : Guerrero-Ruiz, A. (2025). Outcomes-Based Financing in the New Financing for Development Architecture: Lessons and opportunities for governments, development partners, and multilateral organisations. OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers, DCD(2025)9. Paris. June 2025, <a href=\"https:\/\/one.oecd.org\/document\/DCD(2025)9\/en\/pdf\" target=\"_blank\">one.oecd.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt232\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref232\">[232]<\/a> <em>\u00ab Impact tokens: A blockchain-based solution for impact investing \u00bb<\/em>, David Uzsoki, Patrick Guerdat, International Institute for Sustainable Development, IISD, April 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/altiorem.org\/research\/impact-tokens-a-blockchain-based-solution-for-impact-investing\/\" target=\"_blank\">altiorem.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt233\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref233\">[233]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hypercerts.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">hypercerts.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt234\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref234\">[234]<\/a> The Internet of Impact Dr Shaun Conway 1 , Dr Michael Zargham 2 , Dr Tat Lam 3 and Joe Andrieu 4 1 ixo Foundation , 2 BlockScience , 3 Shanzhai City , 4 Legendary Requirements May 2021 <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.scribd.com\/document\/706400810\/Ixo-Internet-of-Impact-White-Paper-Working-Draft-May-2021\" target=\"_blank\">fr.scribd.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt235\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref235\">[235]<\/a> IXO Token Design 2.0 <a href=\"https:\/\/ixo-world.notion.site\/IXO-Token-Design-2-0-e711281b0c894a01925fb82b56e4d9b3\" target=\"_blank\">ixo-world.notion.site<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt236\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref236\">[236]<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/karmahq.xyz\" target=\"_blank\">karmahq.xyz<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt237\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref237\">[237]<\/a> <em>\u00ab Impact tokens: A blockchain-based solution for impact investing \u00bb<\/em>, David Uzsoki, Patrick Guerdat, International Institute for Sustainable Development, IISD, April 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/altiorem.org\/research\/impact-tokens-a-blockchain-based-solution-for-impact-investing\/\" target=\"_blank\">altiorem.org<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt238\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref238\">[238]<\/a> Impact Credits <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ixo.world\/impact-tokens\" target=\"_blank\">ixo.world<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt239\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref239\">[239]<\/a> ixo Foundation: A Blockchain-Based Response to the UN\u2019s Call for a Data Revolution Rebecca Campbell By Rebecca Campbell December 1, 2017 <a href=\"https:\/\/bitcoinmagazine.com\/culture\/ixo-foundation-blockchain-based-response-un-call-data-revolution\" target=\"_blank\">bitcoinmagazine.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt240\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref240\">[240]<\/a> Blockchain for education in South Africa: Q&amp;A with Joyce Zhang from ixo and Amply, Aaron Fernando|May 15, 2018 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.shareable.net\/blockchain-for-education-in-south-africa-qa-with-joyce-zhang-from-ixo-and-amply\/\" target=\"_blank\">shareable.net<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt241\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref241\">[241]<\/a> Charities Rewarding Donors with Proof of Donation NFTs <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nft.kred\/charities-donation#how\" target=\"_blank\">nft.kred<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt242\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref242\">[242]<\/a> NFT, Jacques-Andr\u00e9 Fines Schlumberger- N\u00b057-58 Printemps \u2013 summer 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/la-rem.eu\/2021\/07\/nft\/\" target=\"_blank\">la-rem.eu<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt243\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref243\">[243]<\/a> Beeple (b. 1981) EVERYDAYS: THE FIRST 5000 DAYS, Christie's <a href=\"https:\/\/onlineonly.christies.com\/s\/beeple-first-5000-days\/beeple-b-1981-1\/112924\" target=\"_blank\">onlineonly.christies.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt244\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref244\">[244]<\/a> Yearly NFT Market Report 2021 HOW NFTS AFFECT THE WORLD, 2022 NonFungible Corporation, <a href=\"https:\/\/nonfungible.com\/static\/market-reports\/2021-yearly-nft-market-report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">nonfungible.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt245\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref245\">[245]<\/a> The Centre Pompidou in the age of NFTs, 10 Feb 2023 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.centrepompidou.fr\/en\/pompidou-plus\/magazine\/article\/the-centre-pompidou-in-the-age-of-nfts\" target=\"_blank\">centrepompidou.fr<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt246\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref246\">[246]<\/a> <em>\u00ab Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey\u2019s first tweet NFT sells for $2.9 million \u00bb<\/em>, Todd Haselton, Mar 22, 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2021\/03\/22\/twitter-ceo-jack-dorseys-first-tweet-nft-sells-for-2point9-million.html\" target=\"_blank\">cnbc.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt247\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref247\">[247]<\/a> Art Blocks artist donates $3.5m in Eth to M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res via Australian branch Coinhead 12 Oct 2021 Derek Rose <a href=\"https:\/\/stockhead.com.au\/cryptocurrency\/art-blocks-artist-donates-3-5m-in-eth-to-medecins-sans-frontieres-via-australian-branch\/\" target=\"_blank\">stockhead.com.au<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt248\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref248\">[248]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/vayner3.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">vayner3.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt249\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref249\">[249]<\/a> Stella Artois and Water.org <a href=\"https:\/\/water.org\/partners\/stellaartois\/\" target=\"_blank\">water.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt250\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref250\">[250]<\/a> World Day for Glaciers &amp; World Water Day Celebration <a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/observances\/water-day\" target=\"_blank\">un.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt251\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref251\">[251]<\/a> Annual Industry Report on the State of Crypto Philanthropy, <a href=\"https:\/\/go.thegivingblock.com\/hubfs\/Annual%20Report\/2024%20Annual%20Report%20on%20Crypto%20Philanthropy.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">go.thegivingblock.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt252\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref252\">[252]<\/a> Case Study: Punks vs. Apes <a href=\"https:\/\/thegivingblock.com\/testimonials\/case-study-punks-vs-apes\/\" target=\"_blank\">thegivingblock.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt253\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref253\">[253]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imnotart.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">imnotart.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt254\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref254\">[254]<\/a> Leap of Faith: Auction to Benefit Children's Cancer Research Attracts Major Crypto Artists, Erika Lee Dec 6, 2024 <a href=\"https:\/\/decrypt.co\/295302\/leap-art-basel-auction-childrens-cancer-research\" target=\"_blank\">decrypt.co<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt255\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref255\">[255]<\/a> <em>\u00ab In Conversation With Leap \u00bb<\/em>, Megan DeMatteo, July 28, 2025. <a href=\"https:\/\/opensea.io\/blog\/articles\/in-conversation-with-leap\" target=\"_blank\">opensea.io<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt256\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref256\">[256]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt257\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref257\">[257]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.donate.gg\/\" target=\"_blank\">donate.gg<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt258\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref258\">[258]<\/a> Javogues, J. (n.d.). The Silent Revolution: How Cryptocurrencies Could Transform Humanitarian Aid. France G\u00e9n\u00e9rosit\u00e9s.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt259\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref259\">[259]<\/a> Boss Beauties, A collection inspired by the women &amp; girls of MySocialCanvas, <a href=\"https:\/\/dappradar.com\/dapp\/boss-beauties\/nfts?range-nc=all\" target=\"_blank\">dappradar.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt260\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref260\">[260]<\/a> <em>\u00ab The Diversity, Equity And Inclusion Potential Of NFTs \u00bb<\/em>, Rebekah Bastian, Oct 24, 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/rebekahbastian\/2021\/10\/24\/the-diversity-equity-and-inclusion-potential-of-nfts\/\" target=\"_blank\">forbes.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt261\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref261\">[261]<\/a> <em>\u00ab United Nations to Go NFT on International Women\u2019s Day \u00bb<\/em>, Bob Mason, February 9, 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/finance.yahoo.com\/news\/united-nations-nft-international-women-034549872.html\" target=\"_blank\">finance.yahoo.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt262\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref262\">[262]<\/a> in <em>\u00ab La r\u00e9ception des organisations autonomes d\u00e9centralis\u00e9es (ou \u00ab DAO \u00bb<\/em>) en droit fran\u00e7ais \u00bb, High Legal Committee of the Paris Financial Center, Working Group chaired by Hubert de Vauplane, 31 may 2024.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt263\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref263\">[263]<\/a> Empowering pastoralists in Kenya - The 6th DIVA Donate campaign, Wladimir Weinbender at September 30, 2025 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.divadonate.xyz\/posts\/diva-conditional-donations-pastoralists-6\" target=\"_blank\">divadonate.xyz<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt264\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref264\">[264]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/nouns.wtf\/\" target=\"_blank\">nouns.wtf<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt265\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref265\">[265]<\/a> 100 Eth for Emergency Humanitarian Assistance in Ukraine with UNICEF Proposed by max-power.eth Delegated Nouns: max-power.eth <a href=\"https:\/\/nouns.wtf\/vote\/42\" target=\"_blank\">nouns.wtf<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt266\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref266\">[266]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/nouns.wtf\/nouns\" target=\"_blank\">nouns.wtf<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt267\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref267\">[267]<\/a> Compound is a decentralized finance (DeFi) protocol that allows users to lend cryptocurrencies to generate interest or borrow them by depositing other assets as collateral. <a href=\"https:\/\/compound.finance\/\" target=\"_blank\">compound.finance<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt268\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref268\">[268]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/axieinfinity.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">axieinfinity.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt269\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref269\">[269]<\/a> List of PH Axie Infinity, Crypto, and Crypto Art Community Donation Drives Typhoon Odette Victims By BitPinas 2021-12-19 <a href=\"https:\/\/bitpinas.com\/feature\/list-axie-infinity-crypto-art-community-donation-typhoon-odette\/\" target=\"_blank\">bitpinas.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt270\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref270\">[270]<\/a> Binance Charity is the philanthropic arm of the world's largest cryptocurrency exchange platform.. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.binance.charity\/\" target=\"_blank\">binance.charity<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt271\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref271\">[271]<\/a> Founded in 2011, Paymium is one of the first French cryptocurrency exchange platforms. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.paymium.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">paymium.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt272\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref272\">[272]<\/a> Founded in France in 2018, Kryll is a web3 crypto-asset portfolio tracking and management software. <a href=\"https:\/\/kryll.io\/\" target=\"_blank\">kryll.io<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt273\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref273\">[273]<\/a> ZEvent is a charity streaming marathon organized on the Twitch platform, the 9th edition of which in 2025 raised 16 million euros shared by 5 associations.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt274\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref274\">[274]<\/a> Hasheur <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UChlTcWDE8gd4tsl_L727NrQ\" target=\"_blank\">youtube.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt275\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref275\">[275]<\/a> Kryll.io's First Charity Trading Marathon June 22, 2021 <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.kryll.io\/fr\/recapitulatif-du-marathon-de-trading-crypto4good-24-heures\/\" target=\"_blank\">blog.kryll.io<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt276\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref276\">[276]<\/a> <em>\u00ab M\u00e9tavers \u00bb<\/em>, Jacques-Andr\u00e9 Fines Schlumberger- N\u00b059 Autumn 2021 <a href=\"https:\/\/la-rem.eu\/2021\/11\/metavers\/\" target=\"_blank\">la-rem.eu<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt277\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref277\">[277]<\/a> See Tokenization in Glossary<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt278\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref278\">[278]<\/a> Cannes, EthCC 2025<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt279\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref279\">[279]<\/a> The SandBox, SIP-29: Live Event with Top Winners of Impact Game Jam <a href=\"https:\/\/forum.sandboxdao.com\/t\/sip-29-live-event-with-top-winners-of-impact-game-jam\/2252\/1\" target=\"_blank\">forum.sandboxdao.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt280\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref280\">[280]<\/a> The term is a portmanteau of \"hack,\" in the sense of creative tinkering or exploratory programming, and \"marathon,\" for endurance. A hackathon is an event, often competitive, where groups of people\u2014developers, designers, project managers, subject matter experts, etc.\u2014come together to work intensively on IT or digital projects for a limited time.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt281\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref281\">[281]<\/a> GAME JAM: Impact, The Sandbox, Apr 24, 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/sandbox-game\/game-jam-impact-fad6e211f4e3\" target=\"_blank\">medium.com<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt282\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref282\">[282]<\/a> Plural Voting <a href=\"https:\/\/www.radicalxchange.org\/tools\/plural-voting\/\" target=\"_blank\">radicalxchange.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt283\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref283\">[283]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/clinic-o.org\/\" target=\"_blank\">clinic-o.org<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt284\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref284\">[284]<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.puerta18.org.ar\/\" target=\"_blank\">puerta18.org.ar<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"ftnt285\">\r\n  <p><a href=\"#ftnt_ref285\">[285]<\/a> WWF Germany, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wwf.de\/aktuell\/oceandetox\" target=\"_blank\">wwf.de<\/a> <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d69b6e fn-container e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5d69b6e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8d3e1c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c8d3e1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliography<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a231323 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"a231323\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\r\n  <li>Masmoudi, M. 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Random House Publishing Group.<\/li>\r\n  <li>Couldry, N., &amp; Mejias, U. A. (2023). The decolonial turn in data &amp; technology research: What is at stake and where is it heading?. Information, Communication &amp; Society, 26, 786\u2013802.<\/li>\r\n  <li>Forbes. (2023). Bitcoin and human rights: A common ground for activists world-wide. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/digital-assets\/2023\/08\/30\/bitcoin-and-human-rights-a-common-ground-for-activists-worldwide\/\" target=\"_blank\">forbes.com<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n  <li>Gray, C. (2023). More than extraction: Rethinking data\u2019s colonial political economy. International Political Sociology, 17, 1\u201320.<\/li>\r\n  <li>Clark, A. et al. (2024). Complex Systems Modeling of Community Inclusion Currencies. Comput Econ, 64, 1259\u20131294.<\/li>\r\n  <li>Haut Comit\u00e9 Juridique de la Place Financi\u00e8re de Paris. (2024, 31 mai). Rapport sur la r\u00e9ception des organisations autonomes d\u00e9centralis\u00e9es (ou <em>\u00ab dao \u00bb<\/em>) en droit fran\u00e7ais.<\/li>\r\n  <li>NewsBTC. (2024). Bitcoin price projections from top an-alysts. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsbtc.com\/news\/bitcoin\/8-bitcoin-price-predictions-for-2025-what-banks-hedge-funds-and-experts-say\/\" target=\"_blank\">newsbtc.com<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n  <li>Javogues, J. (25 septembre 2024). La r\u00e9volution silencieuse : Comment les crypto monnaies pourraient transformer l'aide humanitaire. France g\u00e9n\u00e9rosit\u00e9s.<\/li>\r\n  <li>Forbes. (Sep 29, 2024). What is Ethereum and how does it work? <br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">forbes.com<\/a> sites\/digital-assets\/article\/what-is-ethereum-how-does-it-work\/.<\/li>\r\n  <li>Maxyma. (2025, Janvier 13). La collecte en crypto-monnaies, pourquoi y croire et comment s\u2019y mettre ?..<\/li>\r\n  <li>PAM. (2025, May 22). Rapport succinct de l\u2019\u00e9valuation de l\u2019intervention d\u2019urgence majeure coordonn\u00e9e au niveau central men\u00e9e par le PAM en Ukraine. (WFP\/EB.A\/2025\/7-G\/4\/Rev.1).<\/li>\r\n  <li>Nothias, T. (2025). An intellectual history of digital colonialism. Journal of Communication.<\/li>\r\n  <li>Rusow, K. et al. (2025, September). <em>\u00ab How Stablecoins Can Accelerate Localisation \u00bb<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n  <li>Weinbender, W. (2025, September 30). Empowering pastoralists in Kenya - The 6th DIVA Donate campaign. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.divadonate.xyz\/posts\/diva-conditional-donations-pastoralists-6\" target=\"_blank\">divadonate.xyz<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n  <li>World Bank. (2025, September 30). Banque mondiale FundsChain Blockchain pour la tra\u00e7abilit\u00e9 des d\u00e9caissements Foire aux questions (FAQ). <a href=\"https:\/\/ebizprd.worldbank.org\/assets\/docs\/FundsChain-FAQs-External-French.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">ebizprd.worldbank.org<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n  <li>Giveth. (2025, Octobre 17). Giveth Team Compensation and Expenses - July 2025 - DAO Ops. <a href=\"https:\/\/forum.giveth.io\/t\/giveth-team-compensation-and-expenses-july-2025\/2069\" target=\"_blank\">forum.giveth.io<\/a>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Sources non dat\u00e9es (n.d.) :<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n  <li>PNUD Tadamon Fondation Cardano. (n.d.). PNUD Tadamon Fondation Cardano attestations v\u00e9rifiables DID-VC.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e5a3dfa e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e5a3dfa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"glossary\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-079bc08 glossary-css elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"079bc08\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"809\" class=\"elementor elementor-809\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor-hf\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41d4698 e-con-full glossary-css e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"41d4698\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39dfaa4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"39dfaa4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"Definition\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- toutes les d\u00e9finitions. Cliquer sur l'entete de colonne (C), et copier-coller ce code dans wordpress dans un bloc html -->\r\n<div class='flex gapped' id='TheDefinitions'>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-A'  id='D_ActifsdumondereelTokenisationRealworldassetsRWA'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Actifs du monde r\u00e9el (Tokenisation), <i>Real-world assets<\/i> - RWA<\/h3><span><\/span><p>La <a href='#D_JetonouTokenisationToken' class='glossary-link'>tokenisation<\/a> consiste \u00e0 transformer un droit de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 ou un actif financier (immobilier, \u0153uvre d'art, brevet, cr\u00e9ance) en un jeton num\u00e9rique (<a href='#D_JetonouTokenisationToken' class='glossary-link'>token<\/a>) \u00e9changeable sur une blockchain publique. Ce processus permet de diviser un bien physique ou \u00e9conomique en unit\u00e9s plus petites, facilitant ainsi son \u00e9change en pair-\u00e0-pair sans interm\u00e9diaire traditionnel.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Real-world assets (RWA)<\/h3><p>Tokenization involves transforming a property right or financial asset (real estate, artwork, patent, debt) into a digital <a href='#D_JetonouTokenisationToken' class='glossary-link'>token<\/a> that can be traded on a public blockchain. This process allows a physical or economic asset to be divided into smaller units, thus facilitating peer-to-peer exchange without traditional intermediaries.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-A'  id='D_AirdropAirdrop'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Airdrop, <i>Airdrop<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Un airdrop est une proc\u00e9dure de distribution gratuite de crypto-actifs ou de jetons (tokens) directement dans le portefeuille crypto d'un utilisateur. Cette op\u00e9ration est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement orchestr\u00e9e par les cr\u00e9ateurs d'un projet blockchain ou d'une application d\u00e9centralis\u00e9e (dApp) pour r\u00e9compenser la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 des premiers utilisateurs, stimuler l'adoption d'un nouveau protocole ou assurer une r\u00e9partition d\u00e9centralis\u00e9e de la gouvernance d\u00e8s le lancement du mainnet.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Airdrop<\/h3><p>An airdrop is a procedure for distributing free crypto-assets or tokens directly into a user's crypto <a href='#D_PortefeuilledecryptoactifsouPortefeuillecryptoWallet' class='glossary-link'>wallet<\/a>. This operation is generally orchestrated by the creators of a blockchain project or a decentralized application (dApp) to reward early adopters, stimulate adoption of a new protocol, or ensure decentralized governance from the mainnet launch.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-A'  id='D_AltcoinAltcoin'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Altcoin, <i>Altcoin<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Un <a href='#D_AltcoinAltcoin' class='glossary-link'>Altcoin<\/a> d\u00e9signe tous les crypto-actifs alternatifs \u00e0 bitcoin. Depuis la cr\u00e9ation de Bitcoin en 2009, le site coinmarketcap.com en d\u00e9nombrait 2 360 au 22 juillet 2019, 20 246 en juillet 2022 et plus de 30 millions\u00b2 en janvier 2026 pour une valorisation approximative de 1 300 milliards de dollars. L'explosion du nombre d'<a href='#D_AltcoinAltcoin' class='glossary-link'>altcoin<\/a> \u00e0 partir de 2024 s'explique par le d\u00e9veloppement des plateformes No-Code et de l'automatisation par des IA, notamment sur la blockchain publique Solana.\"<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Altcoin<\/h3><p>An <a href='#D_AltcoinAltcoin' class='glossary-link'>altcoin<\/a> refers to any alternative cryptocurrency to Bitcoin. Since Bitcoin's creation in 2009, coinmarketcap.com counted 2,360 altcoins as of July 22, 2019, 20,246 in July 2022, and over 30 million\u00b2 in January 2026, with an approximate valuation of $1.3 trillion. The explosion in the number of altcoins from 2024 onward is explained by the development of no-code platforms and AI-powered automation, particularly on the Solana public blockchain.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-A'  id='D_ApplicationdecentraliseeDecentralizedApplicationdApps'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Application d\u00e9centralis\u00e9e, <i>Decentralized Application<\/i> - dApps<\/h3><span><\/span><p>Une dApp, decentralized Application, application d\u00e9centralis\u00e9e est un logiciel en ligne dont le fonctionnement ne repose pas sur un serveur central unique, mais sur une infrastructure distribu\u00e9e comme les n\u0153uds d'une blockchain publique. Contrairement aux applications classiques (comme Facebook ou Uber) contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par une seule entreprise, une dApp utilise des smart contracts* pour automatiser ses r\u00e8gles de mani\u00e8re transparente et immuable. Cela garantit que l'application reste accessible et fonctionnelle sans interruption, m\u00eame si ses cr\u00e9ateurs disparaissent, offrant ainsi une r\u00e9sistance native \u00e0 la censure et une s\u00e9curit\u00e9 accrue pour les utilisateurs.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Decentralized Application (dApps)<\/h3><p>A decentralized application (dApp) is online software that doesn't rely on a single central server, but rather on a distributed infrastructure such as the nodes of a public blockchain. Unlike traditional applications (like Facebook or Uber) controlled by a single company, a dApp uses smart contracts* to automate its rules in a transparent and immutable way. This ensures that the application remains accessible and functional without interruption, even if its creators disappear, thus providing inherent resistance to censorship and enhanced security for users.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-A'  id='D_ArbredeMerkleouArbredehachageMerkeltree'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Arbre de Merkle (ou Arbre de hachage), <i>Merkel tree<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>En informatique et en cryptographie, un arbre de Merkel est une structure de donn\u00e9es contenant un r\u00e9sum\u00e9 d'information d'un grand volume de donn\u00e9es. Le principe d'un arbre de hachage est de pouvoir v\u00e9rifier l'int\u00e9grit\u00e9 d'un ensemble de donn\u00e9es sans les avoir n\u00e9cessairement toutes au moment de la v\u00e9rification. Pour ce faire, au sein d\u2019une s\u00e9rie de donn\u00e9es, l\u2019une d\u2019entre elles est <a href='#D_HachagefonctiondeHash' class='glossary-link'>hash<\/a>\u00e9e. Ce <a href='#D_HachagefonctiondeHash' class='glossary-link'>hash<\/a> sera accol\u00e9 \u00e0 un <a href='#D_HachagefonctiondeHash' class='glossary-link'>hash<\/a> d\u2019une deuxi\u00e8me donn\u00e9e issue de la m\u00eame s\u00e9rie. Cette concat\u00e9nation va permettre de cr\u00e9er un <a href='#D_HachagefonctiondeHash' class='glossary-link'>hash<\/a> parent. Le processus se r\u00e9p\u00e8te avec les <a href='#D_HachagefonctiondeHash' class='glossary-link'>hash<\/a> parents jusqu\u2019\u00e0 arriver \u00e0 un <a href='#D_HachagefonctiondeHash' class='glossary-link'>hash<\/a> unique, appel\u00e9 le <a href='#D_HachagefonctiondeHash' class='glossary-link'>hash<\/a> sommet. Ainsi, pour v\u00e9rifier l\u2019int\u00e9grit\u00e9 d\u2019une donn\u00e9e, il suffit de conna\u00eetre le <a href='#D_HachagefonctiondeHash' class='glossary-link'>hash<\/a> des donn\u00e9es qui lui sont reli\u00e9es. <\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Merkel tree<\/h3><p>In computer science and cryptography, a Merkel tree is a data structure containing a summary of information from a large volume of data. The principle of a <a href='#D_HachagefonctiondeHash' class='glossary-link'>hash<\/a> tree is to be able to verify the integrity of a set of data without necessarily having all the data available at the time of verification. To do this, within a series of data, one of the entries is hashed. This <a href='#D_HachagefonctiondeHash' class='glossary-link'>hash<\/a> is then combined with the <a href='#D_HachagefonctiondeHash' class='glossary-link'>hash<\/a> of a second entry from the same series. This concatenation creates a parent <a href='#D_HachagefonctiondeHash' class='glossary-link'>hash<\/a>. The process is repeated with the parent hashes until a single <a href='#D_HachagefonctiondeHash' class='glossary-link'>hash<\/a> is obtained, called the apex <a href='#D_HachagefonctiondeHash' class='glossary-link'>hash<\/a>. Thus, to verify the integrity of a piece of data, it is sufficient to know the hashes of the data to which it is linked.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-A'  id='D_AtomicSwap'><div class='l-fr'><h3><i>Atomic Swap<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>En finance, le swap, de l'anglais to swap \u2013 \u00e9changer, d\u00e9signe un contrat d'\u00e9change financier. Dans le domaine des crypto-actifs, un <a href='#D_AtomicSwap' class='glossary-link'>Atomic Swap<\/a> d\u00e9signe une m\u00e9thode d\u2019\u00e9change de <a href='#D_JetonouTokenisationToken' class='glossary-link'>token<\/a> en pair-\u00e0-pair. Cette m\u00e9thode repose sur un <a href='#D_SmartContract' class='glossary-link'>smart contract<\/a>* sp\u00e9cifique appel\u00e9 \u00ab contrats \u00e0 empreinte num\u00e9rique verrouill\u00e9s dans le temps\u202f\u00bb (hashed TimeLocked Contracts (HTLCs). Le principe repose sur la garantie que les deux personnes qui \u00e9changent des tokens le feront r\u00e9ellement. Le <a href='#D_SmartContract' class='glossary-link'>smart contract<\/a> requiert que le destinataire d\u2019un paiement accuse r\u00e9ception du paiement dans un temps imparti, en g\u00e9n\u00e9rant un r\u00e9c\u00e9piss\u00e9 cryptographique. Si ce n\u2019est pas le cas, le destinataire perd le droit d'acc\u00e9der aux fonds qui sont alors retourn\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019exp\u00e9diteur.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Atomic Swap<\/h3><p>In finance, a swap, from the English word \"to swap,\" refers to a financial exchange contract. In the realm of crypto-assets, an <a href='#D_AtomicSwap' class='glossary-link'>Atomic Swap<\/a> is a peer-to-peer <a href='#D_JetonouTokenisationToken' class='glossary-link'>token<\/a> exchange method. This method relies on a specific <a href='#D_SmartContract' class='glossary-link'>smart contract<\/a>* called a \"hashed Time-Locked Contract\" (HTLC). The principle is based on the guarantee that the two parties exchanging tokens will actually do so. The <a href='#D_SmartContract' class='glossary-link'>smart contract<\/a> requires the recipient of a payment to acknowledge receipt within a specified timeframe by generating a cryptographic receipt. If this does not occur, the recipient loses the right to access the funds, which are then returned to the sender.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-C'  id='D_CryptoactifstableouStablecoinStablecoin'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Crypto-actif stable ou Stablecoin, <i>Stable coin<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Un crypto-actif stable, ou stablecoin en anglais, est un crypto-actif con\u00e7u pour maintenir une valeur fixe en \u00e9tant index\u00e9, c'est \u00e0 dire collat\u00e9ralis\u00e9 sur une <a href='#D_Monnaiefiduciairefiatmoney' class='glossary-link'>monnaie fiduciaire<\/a>, comme le dollar ou l'euro, ou sur un autre actif de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence. Contrairement aux cryptomonnaies classiques, volatiles par essence, un stablecoin offre la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 d'un actif pr\u00e9visible tout en conservant les avantages techniques des blockchains publiques dont notamment la rapidit\u00e9 des r\u00e8glements et l'absence d'interm\u00e9diaires. Il est important de distinguer au moins les stablecoins centralis\u00e9s, dont les r\u00e9serves physiques de monnaies fiduciaires sont d\u00e9pos\u00e9es en banque, et les stablecoins d\u00e9centralis\u00e9s, qui utilisent d'autres crypto-actifs comme r\u00e9serve de valeur pour garantir leur parit\u00e9. Le Dai de MakerDAO en est l'exemple le plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bre : sa valeur reste fix\u00e9e \u00e0 1 dollar gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un syst\u00e8me de gestion automatique des r\u00e9serves en crypto-actifs.<br>Retrouvez une d\u00e9finition en vid\u00e9o<br>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=O4HebdCfo7Q&list=PL1gK6rIdnJSWN7Awwz9AUXyBMLEm8jB34&index=3 <\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Stable coin<\/h3><p>See : DEX.<br>Find a definition in video format<br>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4o_w310XOmg&list=PL1gK6rIdnJSWN7Awwz9AUXyBMLEm8jB34&index=8<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-E'  id='D_ExplorateurdeblockchainBlockchainExplorer'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Explorateur de blockchain, <i>Blockchain Explorer<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Toute blockchain publique dispose d'une interface de ligne de commande (Command line interface - CLI) pour afficher l'historique des transactions sur le r\u00e9seau. Afin de permettre \u00e0 quiconque d\u2019acc\u00e9der \u00e0 l\u2019historique de ces transactions, la plupart des blockchains publiques proposent \u00e9galement un \u00ab explorateur \u00bb accessible via un navigateur web afin d\u2019afficher de mani\u00e8re conviviale les informations recherch\u00e9es. Voir par exemple blockchain.com\/explorer.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Blockchain Explorer<\/h3><p>Every public blockchain has a command-line interface (CLI) to display the transaction history on the network. To allow anyone to access this transaction history, most public blockchains also offer a \"browser\" accessible via a web browser to user-friendly display the desired information. See, for example, blockchain.com\/explorer.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-F'  id='D_FinanceCentraliseeCentralizedfinanceCeFi'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Finance Centralis\u00e9e, <i>Centralized finance<\/i> - CeFi<\/h3><span><\/span><p>La finance centralis\u00e9e utilise la technologie des blockchains et des crypto-actifs, mais fonctionne avec des acteurs centralis\u00e9s. Elle propose des services similaires \u00e0 ceux des banques, avec des transactions rapides, tout en restant en lien avec la finance traditionnelle.<br>Retrouvez une d\u00e9finition en vid\u00e9o<br>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=IaCJ1Y4XL1w&list=PL1gK6rIdnJSWN7Awwz9AUXyBMLEm8jB34&index=15 <br><\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Centralized finance (CeFi)<\/h3><p>Centralized finance uses blockchain and crypto-asset technology, but operates with centralized actors. It offers services similar to those of banks, with fast transactions, while remaining linked to traditional finance.<br>Find a definition in video<br>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=IaCJ1Y4XL1w&list=PL1gK6rIdnJSWN7Awwz9AUXyBMLEm8jB34&index=15 <br><\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-F'  id='D_FinancementquadratiqueQuadraticfunding'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Financement quadratique, <i>Quadratic funding<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Il s'agit d'un m\u00e9canisme de financement participatif qui vise \u00e0 optimiser le financement des biens publics. Dans le financement quadratique, la contribution d'un individu \u00e0 un projet est \u00e9lev\u00e9e \u00e0 la puissance de deux, puis ajout\u00e9e aux contributions des autres individus. La somme totale est ensuite utilis\u00e9e pour d\u00e9terminer la part de financement du projet dans le pool de financement total. Ce m\u00e9canisme favorise un plus grand nombre de contributeurs et r\u00e9duit l'influence des gros donateurs.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Quadratic funding<\/h3><p>This is a crowdfunding mechanism designed to optimize the financing of public goods. In quadratic crowdfunding, an individual's contribution to a project is multiplied by two and then added to the contributions of other individuals. The total sum is then used to determine the project's share of the overall funding pool. This mechanism encourages a greater number of contributors and reduces the influence of large donors.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-F'  id='D_FinanceRegenerativeRegenerativeFinanceReFi'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Finance R\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9rative, <i>Regenerative Finance<\/i> - ReFi<\/h3><span><\/span><p>La Finance R\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9rative est un concept immature n\u00e9 au sein de la DeFi qui vise \u00e0 aligner la finance d\u00e9centralis\u00e9e avec les objectifs de durabilit\u00e9, de r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ration environnementale et d'\u00e9quit\u00e9 sociale, en restaurant et revitalisant les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes, les communaut\u00e9s et <br>les \u00e9conomies locales.<br>Retrouvez une d\u00e9finition en vid\u00e9o<br>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=IaCJ1Y4XL1w&list=PL1gK6rIdnJSWN7Awwz9AUXyBMLEm8jB34&index=15<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Regenerative Finance (ReFi)<\/h3><p>Regenerative Finance is an emerging concept within DeFi that aims to align decentralized finance with the goals of sustainability, environmental regeneration, and social equity by restoring and revitalizing ecosystems, communities, and local economies. Find a definition in this video: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=IaCJ1Y4XL1w&list=PL1gK6rIdnJSWN7Awwz9AUXyBMLEm8jB34&index=15<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-F'  id='D_FinanceTraditionnelleTradFi'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Finance Traditionnelle, <i>TradFi<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>La finance traditionnelle d\u00e9signe le syst\u00e8me financier actuel, fond\u00e9 sur les monnaies nationales, les banques centrales, les banques commerciales et d'autres institutions financi\u00e8res, et qui permet d\u2019acc\u00e9der \u00e0 des services comme les paiements, l\u2019\u00e9pargne, <br>le cr\u00e9dit ou encore l\u2019investissement.<br>Retrouvez une d\u00e9finition en vid\u00e9o<br>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ZGnC6dggz2o&list=PL1gK6rIdnJSWN7Awwz9AUXyBMLEm8jB34&index=18 <\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>TradFi<\/h3><p>Traditional finance refers to the current financial system, based on national currencies, central banks, commercial banks, and other financial institutions, which provides access to services such as payments, savings, credit, and investment.<br><br>Find a definition in video format<br>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=eBAYOdt0OAc&list=PL1gK6rIdnJSWN7Awwz9AUXyBMLEm8jB34&index=17 <\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-G'  id='D_GithubGithub'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Github, <i>Github<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Plateforme collaborative en ligne utilisant le syst\u00e8me de gestion de versions Git. GitHub permet aux d\u00e9veloppeurs informatiques de stocker, partager et collaborer sur le code informatique de logiciel open source. Dans l\u2019\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me blockchain, GitHub est essentiel pour la publication et le partage du code open source des protocoles, des smart contracts, et de l'ensemble des logiciels open source utilis\u00e9s par l'\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me. L'un des modes de financement des logiciels open source de l'\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me Ethereum est Gitcoin.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Github<\/h3><p>GitHub is an online collaborative platform using the Git version control system. It allows software developers to store, share, and collaborate on open-source software code. Within the blockchain ecosystem, GitHub is essential for publishing and sharing open-source code for protocols, smart contracts, and all open-source software used by the ecosystem. Gitcoin is one of the funding mechanisms for open-source software in the Ethereum ecosystem.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-H'  id='D_HachagefonctiondeHash'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Hachage (fonction de), <i>Hash<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Fonction math\u00e9matique qui transforme n\u2019importe quel contenu sous la forme d\u2019un nombre hexad\u00e9cimal. \u00c0 la moindre modification du contenu, le nombre hach\u00e9 devient totalement diff\u00e9rent. L\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat d\u2019une fonction de hachage est qu\u2019elle ne s\u2019applique que dans un sens : le hachage obtenu ne permet pas de remonter au contenu d\u2019origine, en revanche il suffit de hacher \u00e0 nouveau ce contenu pour v\u00e9rifier que le hachage en r\u00e9sultant est identique, preuve qu\u2019aucune modification n\u2019est intervenue. Les blocs de transaction d\u2019une blockchain sont ainsi hach\u00e9s au fur et \u00e0 mesure et permettent d\u2019avoir la garantie qu\u2019ils n\u2019ont jamais \u00e9t\u00e9 modifi\u00e9s depuis la premi\u00e8re transaction.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Hash<\/h3><p>A mathematical function that transforms any content into a hexadecimal number. The slightest modification to the content results in a completely different hashed number. The advantage of a <a href='#D_HachagefonctiondeHash' class='glossary-link'>hash<\/a> function is that it only works in one direction: the resulting <a href='#D_HachagefonctiondeHash' class='glossary-link'>hash<\/a> cannot be traced back to the original content. However, simply hashing the content again verifies that the resulting <a href='#D_HachagefonctiondeHash' class='glossary-link'>hash<\/a> is identical, proving that no changes have occurred. Transaction blocks in a blockchain are thus hashed continuously, guaranteeing that they have never been modified since the first transaction.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-I'  id='D_IdentificationparRadiofrequenceRadioFrequencyidentificationRFID'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Identification par Radiofr\u00e9quence, <i>Radio Frequency identification<\/i> - RFID<\/h3><span><\/span><p>D\u00e9signe une m\u00e9thode d\u2019identification de donn\u00e9es \u00e0 distance, incorpor\u00e9es, sous la forme de tag, dans des objets ou des produits et comprenant une antenne associ\u00e9e \u00e0 une puce \u00e9lectronique.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Radio Frequency identification (RFID)<\/h3><p>Refers to a method of remote data identification, embedded, in the form of a tag, in objects or products and comprising an antenna associated with an electronic chip.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-i'  id='D_interfacedeprogrammationapplicativeApplicationProgrammingInterfaceAPI'><div class='l-fr'><h3>interface de programmation applicative, <i>Application Programming Interface<\/i> - API<\/h3><span><\/span><p>En informatique, une interface de programmation applicative (en anglais Application Programming Interface) est un ensemble normalis\u00e9 de classes, de m\u00e9thodes ou de fonctions qui sert defa\u00e7ade par laquelle une blockchain va offrir des services \u00e0 d\u2019autres logiciels. Une API blockchain sp\u00e9cifie comment des programmes informatiques pourront se servir des fonctionnalit\u00e9s et des donn\u00e9es distribu\u00e9es accessibles dans le registre d\u2019une blockchain.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Application Programming Interface (API)<\/h3><p>In computer science, an application programming interface (API) is a standardized set of classes, methods, or functions that serves as a facade through which a blockchain offers services to other software. A blockchain API specifies how computer programs can use the functionalities and distributed data accessible in a blockchain ledger.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-J'  id='D_JetonnonfongibleNonFungibleTokenNFT'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Jeton non fongible, <i>Non-Fungible Token<\/i> - NFT<\/h3><span><\/span><p>A contrario de deux pi\u00e8ces de monnaies fongibles, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire qui ne peuvent \u00eatre diff\u00e9renci\u00e9es (une pi\u00e8ce de un euro ressemble en tous points \u00e0 une autre pi\u00e8ce un euro), un <a href='#D_JetonnonfongibleNonFungibleTokenNFT' class='glossary-link'>NFT<\/a> est un <a href='#D_JetonouTokenisationToken' class='glossary-link'>token<\/a> unique, cette unicit\u00e9 lui faisant perdre son caract\u00e8re fongible. Un <a href='#D_JetonnonfongibleNonFungibleTokenNFT' class='glossary-link'>NFT<\/a> ex\u00e9cute du code informatique stock\u00e9 dans des smart contracts* conformes \u00e0 des normes diff\u00e9rentes telles que ERC-721 sur Ethereum.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Non-Fungible Token (NFT)<\/h3><p>Unlike two fungible coins, which are indistinguishable (one one-euro coin looks exactly like another one-euro coin), an <a href='#D_JetonnonfongibleNonFungibleTokenNFT' class='glossary-link'>NFT<\/a> is a unique <a href='#D_JetonouTokenisationToken' class='glossary-link'>token<\/a>, and this uniqueness makes it lose its fungible nature. An <a href='#D_JetonnonfongibleNonFungibleTokenNFT' class='glossary-link'>NFT<\/a> executes computer code stored in smart contracts* that conform to different standards, such as ERC-721 on Ethereum.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-J'  id='D_JetonouTokenisationToken'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Jeton (ou Tokenisation), <i>Token<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Un <a href='#D_JetonouTokenisationToken' class='glossary-link'>token<\/a>, jeton en fran\u00e7ais, est une unit\u00e9 (un actif) num\u00e9rique \u00e9chang\u00e9 sur une blockchain. Le bitcoin est le jeton de la blockchain Bitcoin. L\u2019Ether est le jeton de la blockchain Ethereum. Par extension, l\u2019expression \u00ab <a href='#D_JetonouTokenisationToken' class='glossary-link'>tokenisation<\/a> \u00bb d\u00e9signe l\u2019id\u00e9e qu\u2019un actif, quel qu\u2019il soit, puisse \u00eatre repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 num\u00e9riquement et \u00e9chang\u00e9 via une blockchain.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Token<\/h3><p>A <a href='#D_JetonouTokenisationToken' class='glossary-link'>token<\/a> is a digital unit (an asset) traded on a blockchain. Bitcoin is the <a href='#D_JetonouTokenisationToken' class='glossary-link'>token<\/a> of the Bitcoin blockchain. Ether is the <a href='#D_JetonouTokenisationToken' class='glossary-link'>token<\/a> of the Ethereum blockchain. By extension, the term \"tokenization\" refers to the idea that any asset can be represented digitally and traded via a blockchain.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-K'  id='D_KitdedeveloppementlogicielSoftwareDevelopmentKitSDK'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Kit de d\u00e9veloppement logiciel, <i>Software Development Kit<\/i> - SDK<\/h3><span><\/span><p>Ensemble d'outils d'aide \u00e0 la programmation pour la conception et le d\u00e9veloppement de logiciels ou d'applications. <\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Software Development Kit (SDK)<\/h3><p>A set of programming tools to assist in the design and development of software or applications.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-M'  id='D_MachineVirtuelleEthereumouEVMEthereumVirtualMachine'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Machine Virtuelle Ethereum (ou EVM), <i>Ethereum Virtual Machine<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Entit\u00e9 virtuelle unique permettant l\u2019ex\u00e9cution de tous les smart contracts* de toutes les applications d\u00e9centralis\u00e9es (<a href='#D_ApplicationdecentraliseeDecentralizedApplicationdApps' class='glossary-link'>dApps<\/a>) et de toutes les Organisations autonomes d\u00e9centralis\u00e9es (<a href='#D_OrganisationAutonomeDecentraliseeDecentralizedAutonomousOrganizationDAO' class='glossary-link'>DAO<\/a> en anglais) d\u00e9velopp\u00e9es sur la blockchain publique sans permission Ethereum. En effet, Ethereum peut \u00eatre compar\u00e9 \u00e0 un automate fini distribu\u00e9. Un automate fini distribu\u00e9 est une construction math\u00e9matique pouvant changer d\u2019\u00e9tat. Ethereum poss\u00e8de deux \u00e9tats : un \u00e9tat lui permettant de g\u00e9rer tous les comptes et les soldes des paiements effectu\u00e9s avec son crypto-actif natif, l\u2019Ether ; et un \u00e9tat appel\u00e9 \u201c\u00e9tat machine\u201d. Cet \u201c\u00e9tat machine\u201d change de bloc en bloc, de sorte \u00e0 ex\u00e9cuter les smart contracts* qui s\u2019y trouvent. Les changements de l\u2019\u00e9tat machine s\u2019effectuent selon un ensemble de r\u00e8gles. Ces r\u00e8gles sp\u00e9cifiques de changement d'\u00e9tat de bloc \u00e0 bloc sont d\u00e9finies par l'<a href='#D_MachineVirtuelleEthereumouEVMEthereumVirtualMachine' class='glossary-link'>Ethereum Virtual Machine<\/a> (https:\/\/ethereum.org). <\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Ethereum Virtual Machine<\/h3><p>A unique virtual entity that enables the execution of all smart contracts* for all decentralized applications (<a href='#D_ApplicationdecentraliseeDecentralizedApplicationdApps' class='glossary-link'>dApps<\/a>) and decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) developed on the public Ethereum blockchain without requiring permission. Indeed, Ethereum can be compared to a distributed finite automaton. A distributed finite automaton is a mathematical construct capable of changing state. Ethereum has two states: one state that manages all accounts and payment balances made with its native cryptocurrency, Ether; and a state called the \"machine state.\" This \"machine state\" changes from block to block to execute the smart contracts* within it. These machine state changes are governed by a set of rules. These specific rules for changing state from block to block are defined by the <a href='#D_MachineVirtuelleEthereumouEVMEthereumVirtualMachine' class='glossary-link'>Ethereum Virtual Machine<\/a> (https:\/\/ethereum.org).<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-M'  id='D_MainnetTestnet'><div class='l-fr'><h3><i>Mainnet \/ Testnet<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Le terme mainnet est utilis\u00e9 pour d\u00e9crire le moment o\u00f9 un protocole blockchain est enti\u00e8rement d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 et d\u00e9ploy\u00e9, et que les transactions en crypto-actifs sont diffus\u00e9es, v\u00e9rifi\u00e9es et enregistr\u00e9es sur la blockchain. Le terme testnet d\u00e9crit l\u2019environnement de d\u00e9veloppement et de tests avant le lancement du mainnet.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Mainnet \/ Testnet<\/h3><p>The term mainnet is used to describe the point at which a blockchain protocol is fully developed and deployed, and crypto-asset transactions are broadcast, verified, and recorded on the blockchain. The term testnet describes the development and testing environment prior to the mainnet launch.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-M'  id='D_MemecoinMemecoin'><div class='l-fr'><h3>M\u00e8me coin, <i>Meme coin<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Un <a href='#D_MemecoinMemecoin' class='glossary-link'>meme coin<\/a>, memecoin ou meme <a href='#D_JetonouTokenisationToken' class='glossary-link'>token<\/a> est un crypto-actif bas\u00e9 sur un m\u00e8me Internet, ou qui a pour origine une caract\u00e9ristique humoristique, ironique, une blague ou image virale sur internet. Ces actifs num\u00e9riques sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme particuli\u00e8rement volatils et sp\u00e9culatifs.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Meme coin<\/h3><p>A <a href='#D_MemecoinMemecoin' class='glossary-link'>meme coin<\/a>, memecoin, or meme <a href='#D_JetonouTokenisationToken' class='glossary-link'>token<\/a> is a cryptocurrency based on an internet meme, or one that originates from a humorous or ironic characteristic, a joke, or a viral image on the internet. These digital assets are considered particularly volatile and speculative.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-M'  id='D_MineurMiner'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Mineur, <i>Miner<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Validateur de transactions sur une blockchain. Le mineur est r\u00e9mun\u00e9r\u00e9 dans le crypto-actif natif de la blockchain au sein de laquelle il valide les transactions. <\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Miner<\/h3><p>Transaction validator on a blockchain. The miner is rewarded in the native crypto-asset of the blockchain in which they validate transactions.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-M'  id='D_Monnaiefiduciairefiatmoney'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Monnaie fiduciaire, <i>fiat money<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Monnaie sous la forme de pi\u00e8ces et de billets, dont la valeur nominale est sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 la valeur intrins\u00e8que . La confiance (fiducia en latin) que lui accorde l'utilisateur comme valeur d'\u00e9change, moyen de paiement, et donc comme monnaie repose sur le cours l\u00e9gal attribu\u00e9 par l\u2019Etat.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>fiat money<\/h3><p>Money in the form of coins and banknotes, whose face value is greater than its intrinsic value. The trust (fiducia in Latin) that the user places in it as a means of exchange, a means of payment, and therefore as money, is based on the legal tender status granted by the State.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-M'  id='D_MonnaietelecomMobileMoney'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Monnaie t\u00e9l\u00e9com, <i>Mobile Money<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Le \"<a href='#D_MonnaietelecomMobileMoney' class='glossary-link'>mobile money<\/a>\" est un service qui permet d\u2019utiliser son t\u00e9l\u00e9phone portable pour envoyer ou recevoir de l\u2019argent, payer des factures, acheter des biens ou recharger du cr\u00e9dit. L\u2019argent est stock\u00e9 dans un portefeuille \u00e9lectronique li\u00e9 au num\u00e9ro de t\u00e9l\u00e9phone. Ce portefeuille, g\u00e9r\u00e9 par l'op\u00e9rateur de t\u00e9l\u00e9communication comme Orange, MTN ou Airtel\u2026), fournit la plateforme technique et travaille avec des agents agr\u00e9\u00e9s pour les d\u00e9p\u00f4ts et retraits d\u2019argent en esp\u00e8ces. Dans de nombreux pays, ce service est encadr\u00e9 par la banque centrale ou par un organisme de r\u00e9gulation, afin de garantir la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 du service.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Mobile Money<\/h3><p><a href='#D_MonnaietelecomMobileMoney' class='glossary-link'>Mobile money<\/a> is a service that allows users to send and receive money, pay bills, purchase goods, or top up their mobile credit using their mobile phone. The money is stored in an electronic <a href='#D_PortefeuilledecryptoactifsouPortefeuillecryptoWallet' class='glossary-link'>wallet<\/a> linked to the phone number. This <a href='#D_PortefeuilledecryptoactifsouPortefeuillecryptoWallet' class='glossary-link'>wallet<\/a>, managed by the telecommunications operator (such as Orange, MTN, or Airtel), provides the technical platform and works with authorized agents for cash deposits and withdrawals. In many countries, this service is regulated by the central bank or a regulatory body to ensure its security.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-O'  id='D_OffreinitialedetokenInitialCoinOfferingICO'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Offre initiale de token, <i>Initial Coin Offering<\/i> - ICO<\/h3><span><\/span><p>\u00c9mission de tokens \u00e9changeables contre des crypto-actifs pour lever des fonds aupr\u00e8s d\u2019une communaut\u00e9. Contrairement \u00e0 une IPO (Initial Public Offering) qui permet la cotation des actions d\u2019une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 sur un march\u00e9 boursier, une <a href='#D_OffreinitialedetokenInitialCoinOfferingICO' class='glossary-link'>ICO<\/a> n\u2019est pas encadr\u00e9e par un r\u00e9gulateur financier.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Initial Coin Offering (ICO)<\/h3><p>Issuance of tokens exchangeable for crypto-assets to raise funds from a community. Unlike an IPO (Initial Public Offering) which allows the listing of a company's shares on a stock market, an <a href='#D_OffreinitialedetokenInitialCoinOfferingICO' class='glossary-link'>ICO<\/a> is not regulated by a financial regulator.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-O'  id='D_OnChainOffChain'><div class='l-fr'><h3><i>On Chain\/Off Chain<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Quand une transaction s\u2019effectue on-chain, cela veut dire qu\u2019elle est inscrite dans un bloc de transaction enregistr\u00e9 dans une blockchain. En revanche, une transaction off-chain se d\u00e9roule en dehors de ladite blockchain. Par exemple, les transactions sur le <a href='#D_ReseauLightningLightningNetwork' class='glossary-link'>Lightning Network<\/a> (voir supra) sont effectu\u00e9es en dehors de la blockchain de Bitcoin et sont dites off-chain.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>On Chain\/Off Chain<\/h3><p>When a transaction occurs on-chain, it means that it is recorded in a transaction block stored in a blockchain. Conversely, an off-chain transaction takes place outside of that blockchain. For example, transactions on the <a href='#D_ReseauLightningLightningNetwork' class='glossary-link'>Lightning Network<\/a> (see above) are conducted outside of the Bitcoin blockchain and are therefore called off-chain.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-o'  id='D_onofframponofframp'><div class='l-fr'><h3>on\/off-ramp, <i>on\/off-ramp<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>La conversion entre actifs num\u00e9riques et monnaies fiat, autrement dit, les on-ramps (passerelles d\u2019entr\u00e9e) et off-ramps (sorties vers le syst\u00e8me traditionnel)<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>on\/off-ramp<\/h3><p>The conversion between digital assets and fiat currencies, in other words, on-ramps (entry gateways) and off-ramps (exits to the traditional system)<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-O'  id='D_OracleOracle'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Oracle, <i>Oracle<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Dans le domaine des blockchains, un <a href='#D_OracleOracle' class='glossary-link'>Oracle<\/a> est une source d\u2019information provenant du monde physique sur laquelle est connect\u00e9 un ou plusieurs smart contracts et dont les parties s\u2019entendent sur la fiabilit\u00e9 des donn\u00e9es. On peut prendre comme exemple l\u2019IATA pour les donn\u00e9es li\u00e9es aux vols a\u00e9riens ou encore M\u00e9t\u00e9o France pour les donn\u00e9es li\u00e9es \u00e0 la m\u00e9t\u00e9orologie (pr\u00e9cipitation, gel, neige etc.). Utilis\u00e9es dans le cadre d\u2019applications d\u00e9centralis\u00e9es, les donn\u00e9es d\u2019un <a href='#D_OracleOracle' class='glossary-link'>oracle<\/a> permettent d\u2019enclencher les termes d\u2019un <a href='#D_SmartContract' class='glossary-link'>smart contract<\/a>. Par exemple, une assurance param\u00e9trique remboursera automatiquement un agriculteur en cas de perturbation m\u00e9t\u00e9orologique dont les donn\u00e9es sont certifi\u00e9es par un <a href='#D_OracleOracle' class='glossary-link'>oracle<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Oracle<\/h3><p>In the blockchain field, an <a href='#D_OracleOracle' class='glossary-link'>oracle<\/a> is a source of information originating from the physical world to which one or more smart contracts are connected, and whose parties agree on the reliability of the data. Examples include IATA for flight-related data and M\u00e9t\u00e9o France for meteorological data (precipitation, frost, snow, etc.). Used in decentralized applications, <a href='#D_OracleOracle' class='glossary-link'>oracle<\/a> data triggers the terms of a <a href='#D_SmartContract' class='glossary-link'>smart contract<\/a>. For example, parametric insurance will automatically reimburse a farmer in the event of a weather event whose data is certified by an <a href='#D_OracleOracle' class='glossary-link'>oracle<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-O'  id='D_OrganisationAutonomeDecentraliseeDecentralizedAutonomousOrganizationDAO'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Organisation Autonome D\u00e9centralis\u00e9e, <i>Decentralized Autonomous Organization<\/i> - DAO<\/h3><span><\/span><p>Une <a href='#D_OrganisationAutonomeDecentraliseeDecentralizedAutonomousOrganizationDAO' class='glossary-link'>DAO<\/a> est une organisation de personnes fonctionnant gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un programme informatique qui fournit des r\u00e8gles de gouvernance \u00e0 la communaut\u00e9 sans direction centralis\u00e9e. Ces r\u00e8gles sont transparentes et immuables parce que cod\u00e9es dans un protocole blockchain.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO)<\/h3><p>A <a href='#D_OrganisationAutonomeDecentraliseeDecentralizedAutonomousOrganizationDAO' class='glossary-link'>DAO<\/a> is an organization of people operating through a computer program that provides governance rules to the community without centralized leadership. These rules are transparent and immutable because they are coded in a blockchain protocol.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-P'  id='D_PhrasemnemotechniqueSeedPhrase'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Phrase mn\u00e9motechnique, <i>Seed Phrase<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Suite de mots (g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement 12 ou 24) permettant la r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration d\u2019un portefeuille de crypto-monnaies depuis n\u2019importe quel appareil.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Seed Phrase<\/h3><p>A sequence of words (usually 12 or 24) allowing the recovery of a cryptocurrency <a href='#D_PortefeuilledecryptoactifsouPortefeuillecryptoWallet' class='glossary-link'>wallet<\/a> from any device.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-P'  id='D_PlateformedechangescentralisesCentralizedExchangeCEX'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Plateforme d'\u00e9changes centralis\u00e9s, <i>Centralized Exchange<\/i> - CEX<\/h3><span><\/span><p>Voir : DEX.<br>Retrouvez une d\u00e9finition en vid\u00e9o<br>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=V1nlpAVMrgU<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Centralized Exchange (CEX)<\/h3><p>See: DEX.<br>Find a video definition<br>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=V1nlpAVMrgU<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-P'  id='D_PlateformedechangesdecentraliseesDecentralizedExchangeDEX'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Plateforme d'\u00e9changes d\u00e9centralis\u00e9es, <i>Decentralized Exchange<\/i> - DEX<\/h3><span><\/span><p>Une plateforme d'\u00e9changes d\u00e9centralis\u00e9s (Decentralized Exchange) est un protocole de transfert de crypto-actifs fonctionnant de pair-\u00e0-pair gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l'ex\u00e9cution de smart contracts*, sans solliciter d'interm\u00e9diaire financier centralis\u00e9. Contrairement aux plateformes centralis\u00e9es (<a href='#D_PlateformedechangescentralisesCentralizedExchangeCEX' class='glossary-link'>CEX<\/a>*) qui agissent comme d\u00e9positaires des fonds, un DEX permet aux utilisateurs de conserver la pleine ma\u00eetrise de leurs cl\u00e9s priv\u00e9es et de leurs actifs tout au long du processus d'\u00e9change. Ces plateformes s'appuient g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement sur un algorithme appel\u00e9 Teneur de March\u00e9 Automatis\u00e9 (AMM*), qui calcule les taux de change et assure la liquidit\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re autonome. En supprimant l'autorit\u00e9 centrale, le DEX r\u00e9duit les risques de censure, de manipulation de prix ou de vol li\u00e9s au piratage d'une base de donn\u00e9es unique, tout en garantissant un niveau d'anonymat sup\u00e9rieur \u00e0 l'utilisateur.<br>Retrouvez une d\u00e9finition en vid\u00e9o<br>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=V1nlpAVMrgU <\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Decentralized Exchange (DEX)<\/h3><p>A decentralized exchange (DEX) is a peer-to-peer crypto-asset transfer protocol that uses smart contracts* to execute transactions, without relying on a centralized financial intermediary. Unlike centralized exchanges (<a href='#D_PlateformedechangescentralisesCentralizedExchangeCEX' class='glossary-link'>CEX<\/a>*) that act as custodians, a DEX allows users to retain full control of their private keys and assets throughout the entire exchange process. These platforms typically rely on an algorithm called an <a href='#D_TeneurdeMarcheAutomatiseAutomatedMarketMakerAMM' class='glossary-link'>Automated Market Maker<\/a> (AMM*), which autonomously calculates exchange rates and ensures liquidity. By removing the central authority, the DEX reduces the risks of censorship, price manipulation, or theft associated with hacking a single database, while also guaranteeing a higher level of user anonymity. Watch the video definition: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=V1nlpAVMrgU<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-P'  id='D_PooldeminageMiningpool'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Pool de minage, <i>Mining pool<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Association de mineurs coop\u00e9rant pour la r\u00e9alisation du travail de validation des transactions au sein d\u2019une blockchain. Les gains effectu\u00e9s par les machines acquises en commun sont partag\u00e9s entre les membres du <a href='#D_PooldeminageMiningpool' class='glossary-link'>pool de minage<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Mining pool<\/h3><p>A mining pool is an association of miners cooperating to perform the work of validating transactions within a blockchain. The profits generated by the jointly acquired machines are shared among the members of the mining pool.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-P'  id='D_PortefeuilledecryptoactifsouPortefeuillecryptoWallet'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Portefeuille de crypto-actifs (ou Portefeuille crypto), <i>Wallet<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>en mati\u00e8re de crypto-actif, un portefeuille est un dispositif qui peut prendre la forme d'un support physique, d'un programme informatique ou encore d'un service, et dont l'objet est de stocker les cl\u00e9s publiques et\/ou priv\u00e9es de crypto-actifs. Ce proc\u00e9d\u00e9 de stockage de la cl\u00e9 priv\u00e9e, connue du seul propri\u00e9taire du portefeuille, permet \u00e0 son d\u00e9tenteur de signer des transactions et de prouver \u00e0 l'ensemble des pairs du r\u00e9seau blockchain qu\u2019il est bien le propri\u00e9taire des crypto-actifs utilis\u00e9s.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Wallet<\/h3><p>In the realm of crypto-assets, a <a href='#D_PortefeuilledecryptoactifsouPortefeuillecryptoWallet' class='glossary-link'>wallet<\/a> is a device\u2014which can take the form of a physical medium, a computer program, or a service\u2014whose purpose is to store the public and\/or private keys of crypto-assets. This method of storing the private key, known only to the <a href='#D_PortefeuilledecryptoactifsouPortefeuillecryptoWallet' class='glossary-link'>wallet<\/a> owner, allows its holder to sign transactions and prove to all peers on the blockchain network that they are indeed the owner of the crypto-assets used.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-P'  id='D_PortefeuilledidentiteIdentityWallet'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Portefeuille d\u2019identit\u00e9, <i>Identity Wallet<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Portefeuille  compos\u00e9 d\u2019attestations v\u00e9rifiables. Voir Attestation v\u00e9rifiable<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Identity Wallet<\/h3><p>Portfolio composed of verifiable certificates. See Verifiable Certificate<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-P'  id='D_PreuveadivulgationnulledeconnaissanceZeroKnowledgeProofZKP'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Preuve \u00e0 divulgation nulle de connaissance, <i>Zero Knowledge Proof<\/i> - ZKP<\/h3><span><\/span><p>Une preuve \u00e0 divulgation nulle de connaissance est une m\u00e9thode de chiffrement qui permet \u00e0 une personne (le prouveur) de prouver \u00e0 une autre personne (le v\u00e9rificateur) qu'elle est en possession de certaines informations sans les r\u00e9v\u00e9ler au v\u00e9rificateur. En d'autres termes, la preuve \u00e0 divulgation nulle de connaissance permet de pr\u00e9senter des preuves de faits portant sur des donn\u00e9es personnelles sans pour autant r\u00e9v\u00e9ler ces donn\u00e9es personnelles. Les preuves \u00e0 connaissance nulle ont \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7ues pour la premi\u00e8re fois en 1985 par Shafi Goldwasser, Silvio Micali et Charles Rackoff dans leur article \u00ab The Knowledge Complexity of Interactive Proof-Systems \u00bb.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Zero Knowledge Proof (ZKP)<\/h3><p>A zero-knowledge proof is an encryption method that allows one person (the prover) to prove to another person (the verifier) \u200b\u200bthat they possess certain information without revealing it to the verifier. In other words, a zero-knowledge proof allows evidence of facts relating to personal data without disclosing that personal data. Zero-knowledge proofs were first conceived in 1985 by Shafi Goldwasser, Silvio Micali, and Charles Rackoff in their article \"The Knowledge Complexity of Interactive Proof-Systems.\"<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-P'  id='D_PreuvedautoriteProofofAuthorityPaO'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Preuve d\u2019autorit\u00e9, <i>Proof of Authority<\/i> - PaO<\/h3><span><\/span><p>La preuve d\u2019autorit\u00e9 est un algorithme de consensus qui d\u00e9signe un nombre restreint et identifi\u00e9 d\u2019acteurs au sein d\u2019un r\u00e9seau blockchain ayant le pouvoir de valider les transactions et de mettre \u00e0 jour le registre. Cet algorithme de consensus est souvent mis en \u0153uvre sur des blockchains priv\u00e9es ou de consortium. L\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat pour ces acteurs, souvent bancaires, \u00e9tant de gagner en auditabilit\u00e9 et ainsi de r\u00e9duire et d\u2019optimiser les co\u00fbts li\u00e9s \u00e0 leur coordination.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Proof of Authority (PaO)<\/h3><p><a href='#D_PreuvedautoriteProofofAuthorityPaO' class='glossary-link'>Proof of authority<\/a> is a consensus algorithm that designates a limited and identified number of actors within a blockchain network with the power to validate transactions and update the ledger. This consensus algorithm is often implemented on private or consortium blockchains. The benefit for these actors, often banks, is increased auditability, thereby reducing and optimizing the costs associated with their coordination.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-P'  id='D_PreuvedenjeudelegueeDelegatedProofofStake'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Preuve d\u2019enjeu d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9e, <i>Delegated Proof of Stake<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>M\u00e9canisme de consensus r\u00e9duisant le nombre de noeuds d\u2019une blockchain et reposant sur l\u2019\u00e9lection de mineurs (les validateurs de blocs de transactions sur une blockchain) qui ont immobilis\u00e9 des fonds (stake) en crypto-actifs dans une blockchain au prorata de ce que chacun poss\u00e8de.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Delegated Proof of Stake<\/h3><p>A consensus mechanism that reduces the number of nodes in a blockchain and relies on the election of miners (the validators of transaction blocks on a blockchain) who have staked funds in crypto-assets in a blockchain in proportion to what each one owns.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-P'  id='D_PreuvedenjeuouPreuvedeparticipationProofofstakePoS'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Preuve d\u2019enjeu (ou Preuve de participation), <i>Proof-of-stake<\/i> - PoS<\/h3><span><\/span><p>M\u00e9thode pour valider les blocs de transactions d\u2019une blockchain imagin\u00e9e par Scott Nadal et Sunny King en 2012. Cette m\u00e9thode demande \u00e0 l\u2019utilisateur de prouver la possession d\u2019une certaine quantit\u00e9 de crypto-actif pour pr\u00e9tendre pouvoir valider des blocs suppl\u00e9mentaires dans ladite blockchain et pouvoir percevoir la r\u00e9compense \u00e0 l\u2019addition de ces blocs. Ce m\u00e9canisme de consensus consiste \u00e0 r\u00e9soudre un d\u00e9fi informatique appel\u00e9 minting (monnayage), op\u00e9r\u00e9 par des \u00ab forgeurs \u00bb. Il ne n\u00e9cessite pas de mat\u00e9riel informatique puissant, consomme peu d\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 et tient sur un nano ordinateur comme le Rasperry Pi. Pour valider un bloc de transactions, le forgeur met en d\u00e9p\u00f4t une certaine quantit\u00e9 de crypto-actifs et re\u00e7oit une r\u00e9compense lorsqu\u2019il valide un bloc pour le blocage de ce capital. Si le forgeur proc\u00e8de \u00e0 une attaque informatique en ins\u00e9rant de faux blocs de transactions dans la blockchain, la communaut\u00e9, \u00e0 partir du moment o\u00f9 elle s\u2019en rend compte, pourrait proc\u00e9der \u00e0 un hard fork*, ce qui entra\u00eenerait la perte des d\u00e9p\u00f4ts de l\u2019attaquant. Vitalik Buterin, cofondateur d\u2019Ethereum explique : \u00ab la philosophie de la preuve d\u2019enjeu r\u00e9sum\u00e9e en une phrase n\u2019est donc pas \u201cla s\u00e9curit\u00e9 vient de l\u2019\u00e9nergie d\u00e9pens\u00e9e\u201d, mais plut\u00f4t \u201cla s\u00e9curit\u00e9 vient des pertes \u00e9conomiques engendr\u00e9es par une attaque\u201d \u00bb.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Proof-of-stake (PoS)<\/h3><p>A method for validating transaction blocks on a blockchain, conceived by Scott Nadal and Sunny King in 2012. This method requires users to prove ownership of a certain amount of cryptocurrency to validate additional blocks in the blockchain and receive the reward for adding those blocks. This consensus mechanism involves solving a computational challenge called minting, performed by \"forgers.\" It does not require powerful hardware, consumes little electricity, and can run on a nano-computer like the Raspberry Pi. To validate a block of transactions, the forger deposits a certain amount of cryptocurrency and receives a reward for locking up that capital when they validate a block. If the forger launches a cyberattack by inserting fake transaction blocks into the blockchain, the community, once it becomes aware of the attack, could perform a hard fork*, resulting in the loss of the attacker's deposits. Vitalik Buterin, co-founder of Ethereum, explains: \"The philosophy of proof of stake, summarized in one sentence, is therefore not 'security comes from the energy expended', but rather 'security comes from the economic losses caused by an attack'.\"<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-R'  id='D_ReseauLightningLightningNetwork'><div class='l-fr'><h3>R\u00e9seau Lightning, <i>Lightning Network<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Protocole de paiement de pair-\u00e0-pair construit comme une application de deuxi\u00e8me couche sur la blockchain Bitcoin qui permet d\u2019op\u00e9rer des transactions en bitcoin extr\u00eamement rapides, de l\u2019ordre d\u2019un million par seconde, quasiment sans frais et sans d\u00e9pense \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique, puisque la validation des transactions ne n\u00e9cessite pas de minage par la preuve de travail. Depuis 2015, des acteurs de la communaut\u00e9 Bitcoin, dont notamment Lightning Labs, Blockstream et ACINQ, travaillent sur ce protocole qui apporte l\u2019une des r\u00e9ponses au probl\u00e8me de changement d'ordre de grandeur(scalabilit\u00e9) de Bitcoin qui, pour rappel, ne peut traiter que 7 \u00e0 10 transactions par seconde. Le <a href='#D_ReseauLightningLightningNetwork' class='glossary-link'>r\u00e9seau Lightning<\/a> fonctionne depuis mai 2018.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Lightning Network<\/h3><p>A peer-to-peer payment protocol built as a second-layer application on the Bitcoin blockchain, enabling extremely fast Bitcoin transactions\u2014on the order of one million per second\u2014with virtually no fees or energy consumption, since transaction validation does not require mining via proof-of-work. Since 2015, members of the Bitcoin community, including Lightning Labs, Blockstream, and ACINQ, have been working on this protocol, which provides one solution to Bitcoin's scalability issue, as it can only process 7 to 10 transactions per second. The <a href='#D_ReseauLightningLightningNetwork' class='glossary-link'>Lightning Network<\/a> has been operational since May 2018.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-S'  id='D_SatoshiSatoshi'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Satoshi, <i>Satoshi<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Un <a href='#D_SatoshiSatoshi' class='glossary-link'>Satoshi<\/a> est la plus petite unit\u00e9 divisible d\u2019un Bitcoin, soit le 8e chiffre apr\u00e8s la virgule. Un <a href='#D_SatoshiSatoshi' class='glossary-link'>satoshi<\/a> est donc \u00e9gal \u00e0 0,00000001 bitcoin. Le nom s\u2019inspire du nom de la personne ou du groupe de personnes ayant publi\u00e9s le livre blanc fondateur de Bitcoin en 2008,<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Satoshi<\/h3><p>A <a href='#D_SatoshiSatoshi' class='glossary-link'>Satoshi<\/a> is the smallest divisible unit of a Bitcoin, the 8th digit after the decimal point. Therefore, one <a href='#D_SatoshiSatoshi' class='glossary-link'>Satoshi<\/a> is equal to 0.00000001 Bitcoin. The name is inspired by the name of the person or group of people who published the founding Bitcoin white paper in 2008.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-S'  id='D_ScissionForkhardsoft'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Scission, <i>Fork (hard \/ soft)<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>En langage informatique, un fork consiste \u00e0 cr\u00e9er un nouveau logiciel \u00e0 partir du code source d\u2019un logiciel existant. Un soft fork apporte des modifications \u00e0 la blockchain concern\u00e9e qui vont s\u2019appliquer uniquement dans le futur, alors que les modifications introduites par un hard fork valent \u00e9galement pour le pass\u00e9. Un hard fork consiste donc \u00e0 r\u00e9\u00e9crire le code source d\u2019un protocole blockchain apr\u00e8s son lancement.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Fork (hard \/ soft)<\/h3><p>In computer science, a fork involves creating new software from the source code of an existing program. A soft fork introduces changes to the blockchain that will only apply in the future, whereas the changes introduced by a hard fork also apply to the past. A hard fork, therefore, involves rewriting the source code of a blockchain protocol after its launch.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-S'  id='D_Sidechain'><div class='l-fr'><h3><i>Sidechain<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Une <a href='#D_Sidechain' class='glossary-link'>Sidechain<\/a> est une blockchain secondaire ou parall\u00e8le con\u00e7ue pour fonctionner \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 d\u2019une blockchain primaire, publique, afin d\u2019en accro\u00eetre les capacit\u00e9s et rem\u00e9dier \u00e0 leurs limites inh\u00e9rentes, notamment de mise \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle (scalabilit\u00e9). Le recours \u00e0 une <a href='#D_Sidechain' class='glossary-link'>Sidechain<\/a> permet de traiter des op\u00e9rations sans solliciter la blockchain primaire afin, par exemple, de r\u00e9aliser des calculs sp\u00e9cifiques, ou encore de traiter des smarts contracts dans un environnement priv\u00e9 avant que les donn\u00e9es soient enregistr\u00e9es dans une blockchain primaire, comme Bitcoin ou Ethereum.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Sidechain<\/h3><p>A <a href='#D_Sidechain' class='glossary-link'>sidechain<\/a> is a secondary or parallel blockchain designed to operate alongside a primary, public blockchain to enhance its capabilities and overcome its inherent limitations, particularly scalability. Using a <a href='#D_Sidechain' class='glossary-link'>sidechain<\/a> allows for processing operations without involving the primary blockchain, for example, to perform specific calculations or to execute smart contracts in a private environment before the data is recorded on a primary blockchain, such as Bitcoin or Ethereum.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-S'  id='D_SmartContract'><div class='l-fr'><h3><i>Smart Contract<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Selon le site Ethereum.org, les contrats intelligents sont \u00ab des applications qui s\u2019ex\u00e9cutent exactement telles que programm\u00e9es, sans possibilit\u00e9 de les arr\u00eater, non censurables, sans fraude possible et sans interf\u00e9rence de tierce partie \u00bb. L\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat de ces contrats est qu\u2019ils sont autonomes, automatiques et r\u00e9pliqu\u00e9s dans tous les n\u0153uds d\u2019une blockchain, et que leur ex\u00e9cution ne passe pas par un tiers de confiance pour en garantir la validit\u00e9. Plusieurs blockchains publiques permettent de mettre en \u0153uvre des smart contracts, dont notamment Ethereum, Polkadot, Tezos, Stellar ou encore Solana.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Smart Contract<\/h3><p>According to Ethereum.org, smart contracts are \"applications that execute exactly as programmed, cannot be stopped, are uncensorable, fraud-proof, and free from third-party interference.\" The advantage of these contracts is that they are autonomous, automatic, and replicated across all nodes of a blockchain, and their execution does not rely on a trusted third party to guarantee their validity. Several public blockchains support the implementation of smart contracts, including Ethereum, Polkadot, Tezos, Stellar, and Solana.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-S'  id='D_Staking'><div class='l-fr'><h3><i>Staking<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>Le <a href='#D_Staking' class='glossary-link'>staking<\/a> consiste, pour un utilisateur, \u00e0 immobiliser et verrouiller des tokens dans un <a href='#D_SmartContract' class='glossary-link'>smart contract<\/a>. Le protocole attribue de fa\u00e7on al\u00e9atoire \u00e0 l\u2019un des participants le droit de valider un bloc de transactions et recevoir une r\u00e9compense en <a href='#D_JetonouTokenisationToken' class='glossary-link'>token<\/a>. Le m\u00e9canisme de la \u201cpreuve de d\u00e9tention\u201d, proof of stake incite les utilisateurs \u00e0 immobiliser leur <a href='#D_JetonouTokenisationToken' class='glossary-link'>token<\/a>, la probabilit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00eatre choisi pour valider un bloc de transaction \u00e9tant proportionnelle au nombre de tokens verrouill\u00e9s. Plus l\u2019utilisateur a de tokens verrouill\u00e9s, plus la probabilit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00eatre choisi pour valider la transaction est grande. Si un utilisateur tente d\u2019\u00e9crire de fausses transactions dans un bloc, il perd ses tokens immobilis\u00e9s et se fait bannir du r\u00e9seau. <\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Staking<\/h3><p><a href='#D_Staking' class='glossary-link'>Staking<\/a> involves a user locking tokens in a <a href='#D_SmartContract' class='glossary-link'>smart contract<\/a>. The protocol randomly assigns one of the participants the right to validate a block of transactions and receive a <a href='#D_JetonouTokenisationToken' class='glossary-link'>token<\/a> reward. The \"proof of stake\" mechanism incentivizes users to lock their tokens, as the probability of being chosen to validate a block of transactions is proportional to the number of tokens locked. The more tokens a user has locked, the greater the probability of being chosen to validate the transaction. If a user attempts to write fraudulent transactions in a block, they lose their locked tokens and are banned from the network.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-S'  id='D_SystemedefichierinterplanetaireInterPlanetaryFileSystemIPFS'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Syst\u00e8me de fichier inter-plan\u00e9taire, <i>InterPlanetary File System<\/i> - IPFS<\/h3><span><\/span><p>Un syst\u00e8me distribu\u00e9 de fichiers pair \u00e0 pair dont l\u2019objectif est de stocker des informations et des donn\u00e9es de mani\u00e8re d\u00e9centralis\u00e9e, s\u00e9curis\u00e9e et confidentielle, permettant ainsi de se pr\u00e9munir contre toute forme de censure. Aujourd\u2019hui, une recherche d\u2019information sur le web consiste \u00e0 demander \u00e0 un moteur de recherche \u201co\u00f9 se trouve le contenu\u201d afin d\u2019identifier l\u2019URL du serveur o\u00f9 il se trouve ; une recherche dans l\u2019<a href='#D_SystemedefichierinterplanetaireInterPlanetaryFileSystemIPFS' class='glossary-link'>IPFS<\/a> consiste \u00e0 demander au syst\u00e8me \u201cle contenu que l\u2019on recherche\u201d, identifi\u00e9 par un <a href='#D_HachagefonctiondeHash' class='glossary-link'>hash<\/a> cryptographique unique et permanent. Cr\u00e9\u00e9 en 2014 par Juan Benet, <a href='#D_SystemedefichierinterplanetaireInterPlanetaryFileSystemIPFS' class='glossary-link'>IPFS<\/a> est un protocole open source qui pourrait se d\u00e9velopper \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 du protocole HTTP invent\u00e9 par Tim Berners-Lee en 1991.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>InterPlanetary File System (IPFS)<\/h3><p>A distributed peer-to-peer file system whose objective is to store information and data in a decentralized, secure, and confidential manner, thus protecting against all forms of censorship. Today, searching for information on the web involves asking a search engine \"where the content is located\" in order to identify the URL of the server where it resides; a search in <a href='#D_SystemedefichierinterplanetaireInterPlanetaryFileSystemIPFS' class='glossary-link'>IPFS<\/a> involves asking the system \"the content you are looking for,\" identified by a unique and permanent cryptographic <a href='#D_HachagefonctiondeHash' class='glossary-link'>hash<\/a>. Created in 2014 by Juan Benet, <a href='#D_SystemedefichierinterplanetaireInterPlanetaryFileSystemIPFS' class='glossary-link'>IPFS<\/a> is an open-source protocol that could develop alongside the HTTP protocol invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-T'  id='D_TechnologiederegistredistribueouDLTsDistributedLedgerTechnologyDLT'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Technologie de registre distribu\u00e9 (ou DLTs), <i>Distributed Ledger Technology<\/i> - DLT<\/h3><span><\/span><p>Un <a href='#D_TechnologiederegistredistribueouDLTsDistributedLedgerTechnologyDLT' class='glossary-link'>DLT<\/a> est un syst\u00e8me num\u00e9rique permettant de stocker et partager des donn\u00e9es de mani\u00e8re distribu\u00e9e entre plusieurs participants, sans d\u00e9pendre d'une autorit\u00e9 centrale. Comme une blockchain ou un Graphe orient\u00e9 Acyclique (<a href='#D_TechnologiederegistredistribueouDLTsDistributedLedgerTechnologyDLT' class='glossary-link'>DLT<\/a>)<br><br><\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT)<\/h3><p>A <a href='#D_TechnologiederegistredistribueouDLTsDistributedLedgerTechnologyDLT' class='glossary-link'>DLT<\/a> is a digital system that allows data to be stored and shared in a distributed manner among multiple participants, without relying on a central authority. Like a blockchain or a Directed Acyclic Graph (<a href='#D_TechnologiederegistredistribueouDLTsDistributedLedgerTechnologyDLT' class='glossary-link'>DLT<\/a>)<br><br><\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-T'  id='D_TelephonebasiqueFeaturephone'><div class='l-fr'><h3>T\u00e9l\u00e9phone basique, <i>Feature phone<\/i><\/h3><span><\/span><p>T\u00e9l\u00e9phone mobile poss\u00e9dant les caract\u00e9ristiques techniques basiques d\u2019un smartphone.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Feature phone<\/h3><p>A mobile phone possessing the basic technical characteristics of a smartphone.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-T'  id='D_TeneurdeMarcheAutomatiseAutomatedMarketMakerAMM'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Teneur de March\u00e9 Automatis\u00e9, <i>Automated Market Maker<\/i> - AMM<\/h3><span><\/span><p>Protocole permettant de calculer le taux de change entre deux crypto-actifs de mani\u00e8re automatique. Le teneur de march\u00e9 automatis\u00e9 est \u00e0 la base de tous les DEX (Decentralised Exchange), et permettent \u00e0 ses usagers d\u2019\u00e9changer des crypto-actifs entre eux en pair-\u00e0-pair, sans passer par un tiers. La premi\u00e8re plateforme \u00e0 utiliser ce principe se nomme Uniswap.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Automated Market Maker (AMM)<\/h3><p>A protocol that automatically calculates the exchange rate between two crypto-assets. Automated market making is the foundation of all DEXs (Decentralized Exchanges), allowing users to trade crypto-assets peer-to-peer without intermediaries. The first platform to use this principle was Uniswap.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-T'  id='D_ToleranceauxpannesbyzantinesasynchronesasynchronousByzantineFaultToleranceaBFT'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Tol\u00e9rance aux pannes byzantines asynchrones, <i>asynchronous Byzantine Fault Tolerance<\/i> - aBFT<\/h3><span><\/span><p>La <a href='#D_ToleranceauxpannesbyzantinesasynchronesasynchronousByzantineFaultToleranceaBFT' class='glossary-link'>tol\u00e9rance aux pannes byzantines asynchrones<\/a> est une mani\u00e8re alternative de r\u00e9pondre au probl\u00e8me des g\u00e9n\u00e9raux byzantins (voir supra). Plut\u00f4t que de faire en sorte que les trois g\u00e9n\u00e9raux soient coordonn\u00e9s en permanence, il s\u2019agit de confier la direction des trois arm\u00e9es aux g\u00e9n\u00e9raux bienveillants, tout en excluant le g\u00e9n\u00e9ral malveillant du contr\u00f4le de son arm\u00e9e. Du point de vue d\u2019un r\u00e9seau informatique, un r\u00e9seau tol\u00e9rant aux pannes byzantines asynchrones authentifie les membres bienveillants de ce dernier pour leur confier la responsabilit\u00e9 de le faire fonctionner.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>asynchronous Byzantine Fault Tolerance (aBFT)<\/h3><p><a href='#D_ToleranceauxpannesbyzantinesasynchronesasynchronousByzantineFaultToleranceaBFT' class='glossary-link'>Asynchronous Byzantine fault tolerance<\/a> is an alternative way to address the Byzantine generals problem (see above). Rather than ensuring that the three generals are constantly coordinated, the approach involves entrusting the command of the three armies to the benevolent generals, while excluding the malevolent general from control of his army. From the perspective of a computer network, an asynchronous Byzantine fault-tolerant network authenticates its benevolent members, granting them responsibility for its operation.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-T'  id='D_ToleranceauxpannesbyzantinesByzantineFaultToleranceBFT'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Tol\u00e9rance aux pannes byzantines, <i>Byzantine Fault Tolerance<\/i> - BFT<\/h3><span><\/span><p>La tol\u00e9rance aux pannes byzantines est une solution au probl\u00e8me logique des g\u00e9n\u00e9raux Byzantins. Ce probl\u00e8me logique, \u00e9labor\u00e9 en 1982, consiste \u00e0 expliquer les difficult\u00e9s de coordination simultan\u00e9e des actions de trois arm\u00e9es command\u00e9es par trois g\u00e9n\u00e9raux alli\u00e9s. En effet, ces derniers doivent attaquer ou battre en retraite en m\u00eame temps. Or, un g\u00e9n\u00e9ral ne peut conna\u00eetre les actions des autres que par l\u2019interm\u00e9diaire d\u2019\u00e9missaires. Par cons\u00e9quent, un g\u00e9n\u00e9ral malveillant envoyant une information erron\u00e9e aux deux autres brouillera les actions des alli\u00e9s. En appliquant cette situation aux r\u00e9seaux informatiques, on peut en d\u00e9duire que seulement un tiers des membres d\u2019un r\u00e9seau est capable de nuire \u00e0 l\u2019enti\u00e8ret\u00e9 de ce dernier. La tol\u00e9rance aux pannes byzantines est la capacit\u00e9 d\u2019une technologie donn\u00e9e de se pr\u00e9munir contre ce type de comportement. Les m\u00e9canismes de consensus par la preuve de travail et par la preuve d\u2019enjeu sont des exemples de solutions rendant les blockchains tol\u00e9rantes aux pannes byzantines.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT)<\/h3><p><a href='#D_ToleranceauxpannesbyzantinesByzantineFaultToleranceBFT' class='glossary-link'>Byzantine fault tolerance<\/a> is a solution to the Byzantine Generals' Problem. This logical problem, formulated in 1982, attempts to explain the difficulties of simultaneously coordinating the actions of three armies commanded by three allied generals. These generals must attack or retreat at the same time. However, a general can only learn of the actions of the others through emissaries. Consequently, a malicious general sending erroneous information to the other two will disrupt the allies' actions. Applying this situation to computer networks, we can deduce that only one-third of the members of a network are capable of harming the entire network. <a href='#D_ToleranceauxpannesbyzantinesByzantineFaultToleranceBFT' class='glossary-link'>Byzantine fault tolerance<\/a> is the ability of a given technology to protect itself against this type of behavior. Proof-of-work and <a href='#D_PreuvedenjeuouPreuvedeparticipationProofofstakePoS' class='glossary-link'>proof-of-stake<\/a> consensus mechanisms are examples of solutions that make blockchains Byzantine fault-tolerant.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class='gl-d az-d-T'  id='D_TresoreriedactifsnumeriquesDigitalAssetTreasuryCompaniesDATs'><div class='l-fr'><h3>Tr\u00e9sorerie d'actifs num\u00e9riques, <i>Digital Asset Treasury Companies<\/i> - DATs<\/h3><span><\/span><p>L'objectif d'une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 DAT est de d\u00e9tenir des actifs num\u00e9riques, permettant ainsi \u00e0 d'autres investisseurs de s'y exposer en achetant des actions ou des parts de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9.<\/p><\/div><div class='l-en'><h3>Digital Asset Treasury Companies (DATs)<\/h3><p>The objective of a DAT company is to hold digital assets, thereby allowing other investors to gain exposure by purchasing shares or units of the company.<\/p><\/div><a class='gt-t' href='#close'><\/a><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43de86f elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"43de86f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- Le code pour int\u00e9grer le glossaire dans les rapports eux-m\u00eames. Cliquer sur l'entete de colonne (D), et copier-coller ce code dans wordpress (cliquer sur le lien de cette cellule) dans le 2\u00e8me bloc html -->\r\n<script> document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {     modifyHTML(); });  function modifyHTML() {     \/* D\u00e9finition des expressions \u00e0 d\u00e9tecter avec leurs ID correspondants*\/     const expressions = [['BFT', 'D_ToleranceauxpannesbyzantinesByzantineFaultToleranceBFT'],['Byzantine Fault Tolerance', 'D_ToleranceauxpannesbyzantinesByzantineFaultToleranceBFT'],['aBFT', 'D_ToleranceauxpannesbyzantinesasynchronesasynchronousByzantineFaultToleranceaBFT'],['Tol\u00e9rance aux pannes byzantines asynchrones', 'D_ToleranceauxpannesbyzantinesasynchronesasynchronousByzantineFaultToleranceaBFT'],['asynchronous Byzantine Fault Tolerance', 'D_ToleranceauxpannesbyzantinesasynchronesasynchronousByzantineFaultToleranceaBFT'],['Teneur de March\u00e9 Automatis\u00e9', 'D_TeneurdeMarcheAutomatiseAutomatedMarketMakerAMM'],['Automated Market Maker', 'D_TeneurdeMarcheAutomatiseAutomatedMarketMakerAMM'],['Feature phone', 'D_TelephonebasiqueFeaturephone'],['DLT', 'D_TechnologiederegistredistribueouDLTsDistributedLedgerTechnologyDLT'],['Technologie de registre distribu\u00e9', 'D_TechnologiederegistredistribueouDLTsDistributedLedgerTechnologyDLT'],['DLTs', 'D_TechnologiederegistredistribueouDLTsDistributedLedgerTechnologyDLT'],['Distributed Ledger Technology', 'D_TechnologiederegistredistribueouDLTsDistributedLedgerTechnologyDLT'],['IPFS', 'D_SystemedefichierinterplanetaireInterPlanetaryFileSystemIPFS'],['Syst\u00e8me de fichier inter-plan\u00e9taire', 'D_SystemedefichierinterplanetaireInterPlanetaryFileSystemIPFS'],['InterPlanetary File System', 'D_SystemedefichierinterplanetaireInterPlanetaryFileSystemIPFS'],['Staking', 'D_Staking'],['Smart Contract', 'D_SmartContract'],['Sidechain', 'D_Sidechain'],['Fork (hard \/ soft)', 'D_ScissionForkhardsoft'],['Satoshi', 'D_SatoshiSatoshi'],['Satoshi', 'D_SatoshiSatoshi'],['R\u00e9seau Lightning', 'D_ReseauLightningLightningNetwork'],['Lightning Network', 'D_ReseauLightningLightningNetwork'],['Preuve d\u2019enjeu d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9e', 'D_PreuvedenjeudelegueeDelegatedProofofStake'],['Delegated Proof of Stake', 'D_PreuvedenjeudelegueeDelegatedProofofStake'],['Proof-of-stake', 'D_PreuvedenjeuouPreuvedeparticipationProofofstakePoS'],['PaO', 'D_PreuvedautoriteProofofAuthorityPaO'],['Preuve d\u2019autorit\u00e9', 'D_PreuvedautoriteProofofAuthorityPaO'],['Proof of Authority', 'D_PreuvedautoriteProofofAuthorityPaO'],['ZKP', 'D_PreuveadivulgationnulledeconnaissanceZeroKnowledgeProofZKP'],['Zero Knowledge Proof', 'D_PreuveadivulgationnulledeconnaissanceZeroKnowledgeProofZKP'],['Wallet', 'D_PortefeuilledecryptoactifsouPortefeuillecryptoWallet'],['Portefeuille d\u2019identit\u00e9', 'D_PortefeuilledidentiteIdentityWallet'],['Identity Wallet', 'D_PortefeuilledidentiteIdentityWallet'],['Pool de minage', 'D_PooldeminageMiningpool'],['CEX', 'D_PlateformedechangescentralisesCentralizedExchangeCEX'],['Centralized Exchange', 'D_PlateformedechangescentralisesCentralizedExchangeCEX'],['Phrase mn\u00e9motechnique', 'D_PhrasemnemotechniqueSeedPhrase'],['Seed Phrase', 'D_PhrasemnemotechniqueSeedPhrase'],['DAO', 'D_OrganisationAutonomeDecentraliseeDecentralizedAutonomousOrganizationDAO'],['Organisation Autonome D\u00e9centralis\u00e9e', 'D_OrganisationAutonomeDecentraliseeDecentralizedAutonomousOrganizationDAO'],['Decentralized Autonomous Organization', 'D_OrganisationAutonomeDecentraliseeDecentralizedAutonomousOrganizationDAO'],['Oracle', 'D_OracleOracle'],['on\/off-ramp', 'D_onofframponofframp'],['On Chain\/Off Chain', 'D_OnChainOffChain'],['ICO', 'D_OffreinitialedetokenInitialCoinOfferingICO'],['Offre initiale de token', 'D_OffreinitialedetokenInitialCoinOfferingICO'],['Initial Coin Offering', 'D_OffreinitialedetokenInitialCoinOfferingICO'],['Mobile Money', 'D_MonnaietelecomMobileMoney'],['Monnaie fiduciaire', 'D_Monnaiefiduciairefiatmoney'],['fiat money', 'D_Monnaiefiduciairefiatmoney'],['M\u00e8me coin', 'D_MemecoinMemecoin'],['Meme coin', 'D_MemecoinMemecoin'],['Machine Virtuelle Ethereum', 'D_MachineVirtuelleEthereumouEVMEthereumVirtualMachine'],['EVM', 'D_MachineVirtuelleEthereumouEVMEthereumVirtualMachine'],['Ethereum Virtual Machine', 'D_MachineVirtuelleEthereumouEVMEthereumVirtualMachine'],['SDK', 'D_KitdedeveloppementlogicielSoftwareDevelopmentKitSDK'],['NFT', 'D_JetonnonfongibleNonFungibleTokenNFT'],['Jeton non fongible', 'D_JetonnonfongibleNonFungibleTokenNFT'],['Non-Fungible Token', 'D_JetonnonfongibleNonFungibleTokenNFT'],['Tokenisation', 'D_JetonouTokenisationToken'],['Token', 'D_JetonouTokenisationToken'],['Hash', 'D_HachagefonctiondeHash'],['TradFi', 'D_FinanceTraditionnelleTradFi'],['ReFi', 'D_FinanceRegenerativeRegenerativeFinanceReFi'],['CeFi', 'D_FinanceCentraliseeCentralizedfinanceCeFi'],['Atomic Swap', 'D_AtomicSwap'],['Arbre de Merkle', 'D_ArbredeMerkleouArbredehachageMerkeltree'],['dApps', 'D_ApplicationdecentraliseeDecentralizedApplicationdApps'],['Altcoin', 'D_AltcoinAltcoin'],['RWA', 'D_ActifsdumondereelTokenisationRealworldassetsRWA']     ];      \/* Parcourt tous les paragraphes dans #theReport pour mettre en lien les expressions d\u00e9tect\u00e9es *\/     document.querySelectorAll('.chapter-container p').forEach(paragraphe => {         \/* R\u00e9cup\u00e8re le contenu texte du paragraphe *\/         let texteParagraphe = paragraphe.innerHTML;         \/* Parcourt chaque expression \u00e0 d\u00e9tecter *\/         expressions.forEach(([expression, id]) => {             \/* Cr\u00e9e une expression r\u00e9guli\u00e8re pour rechercher l'expression dans le texte du paragraphe *\/             const regex = new RegExp(`(?:^|\\\\b)${expression}(?=\\\\b|$)`, 'gi');             \/* Remplace toutes les occurrences de l'expression par l'expression entour\u00e9e de balises <a> avec le bon href *\/             texteParagraphe = texteParagraphe.replace(regex, match => {                 \/* V\u00e9rifie si le match est exactement \u00e9gal \u00e0 l'expression *\/                 if (match.toLowerCase() === expression.toLowerCase()) {                     return `<a class='gl-word' href='#${id}'>${match}<\/a>`;                 } else {                     return match;                 }             });         });         \/* Remplace le contenu texte du paragraphe par le texte avec les expressions entour\u00e9es de balises <a> *\/          paragraphe.innerHTML = texteParagraphe;     }); } <\/script>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b613d06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b613d06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\r\n\/**\r\n * PARTIE 1 : OPTIMISATION DU CONTENU (LIENS & TYPOGRAPHIE)\r\n * Cible les \u00e9l\u00e9ments .gl-d pour transformer les URLs brutes en liens propres\r\n * ET transforme les liens YouTube en lecteurs vid\u00e9o int\u00e9gr\u00e9s.\r\n *\/\r\nfunction traiterLesLiens() {\r\n    \/\/ On cible les paragraphes dans les blocs .gl-d\r\n    const elements = document.querySelectorAll('.gl-d p');\r\n    \r\n    \/\/ Regex pour d\u00e9tecter les URLs (\u00e9vite de capturer la ponctuation de fin de phrase)\r\n    \/\/ Am\u00e9lioration : lookahead n\u00e9gatif pour \u00e9viter les attributs href=\"\" ou src=\"\"\r\n    const regexUrl = \/\\bhttps?:\\\/\\\/[^\\s<]+(?![^<>]*>|[^\"]*?href)\/g;\r\n\r\n    elements.forEach(function(element) {\r\n        let htmlOriginal = element.innerHTML;\r\n\r\n        \/\/ Le remplacement utilise une fonction pour traiter chaque URL trouv\u00e9e\r\n        let htmlTransforme = htmlOriginal.replace(regexUrl, function(urlComplete) {\r\n            \r\n            \/\/ --- DETECTEUR YOUTUBE ---\r\n            \/\/ On cherche un ID vid\u00e9o (11 caract\u00e8res) sur youtube.com ou youtu.be\r\n            const youtubeMatch = urlComplete.match(\/(?:youtube\\.com\\\/(?:[^\\\/]+\\\/.+\\\/|(?:v|e(?:mbed)?)\\\/|.*[?&]v=)|youtu\\.be\\\/)([^\"&?\\\/\\s]{11})\/);\r\n\r\n            if (youtubeMatch && youtubeMatch[1]) {\r\n                const videoId = youtubeMatch[1];\r\n                \/\/ On retourne une iframe responsive (ratio 16:9 via padding-bottom)\r\n                return `\r\n                <div class=\"video-wrapper\" style=\"position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.25%; height: 0; overflow: hidden; max-width: 100%; margin: 15px 0; border-radius: 8px; background: #000;\">\r\n                    <iframe \r\n                        src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/${videoId}\" \r\n                        style=\"position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%;\" \r\n                        frameborder=\"0\" \r\n                        allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" \r\n                        allowfullscreen \r\n                        title=\"Vid\u00e9o explicative\">\r\n                    <\/iframe>\r\n                <\/div>`;\r\n            }\r\n\r\n            \/\/ --- TRAITEMENT STANDARD (LIEN TEXTE) ---\r\n            \r\n            \/\/ 1. Nettoyage de l'affichage : on enl\u00e8ve le protocole et www\r\n            let urlAffichee = urlComplete.replace(\/^https?:\\\/\\\/(www\\.)?\/, '');\r\n            \r\n            \/\/ 2. On s'arr\u00eate apr\u00e8s l'extension (.com, .fr, .net...)\r\n            \/\/ On split sur \/, ?, ou # et on prend le premier segment\r\n            urlAffichee = urlAffichee.split(\/[\/?#]\/)[0];\r\n\r\n            \/\/ On retourne le lien construit\r\n            return `<a href=\"${urlComplete}\" class=\"modLink\" title=\"Visiter ${urlComplete}\" target=\"_blank\">${urlAffichee}<\/a>`;\r\n        });\r\n\r\n        element.innerHTML = htmlTransforme;\r\n    });\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/**\r\n * PARTIE 1.2 : TRAITEMENT TYPOGRAPHIQUE\r\n * G\u00e8re les citations et l'italique pour les guillemets\r\n *\/\r\nfunction traiterLaTypographie() {\r\n    const paragraphs = document.querySelectorAll('.gl-d p');\r\n    \r\n    paragraphs.forEach(function(paragraph) {\r\n        let content = paragraph.innerHTML;\r\n        \r\n        \/\/ Guillemets fran\u00e7ais avec espaces ins\u00e9cables\r\n        content = content.replace(\/\u00ab\\s*(.*?)\\s*\u00bb\/g, '<quote>\u00ab&nbsp;$1&nbsp;\u00bb<\/quote>');\r\n        \r\n        \/\/ Guillemets anglais vers italique\r\n        content = content.replace(\/\u201c(.*?)\u201d\/g, '<i>\"$1\"<\/i>');\r\n        \r\n        paragraph.innerHTML = content;\r\n    });\r\n}\r\n\r\n\r\n\/\/ ============================================================\r\n\/\/ LANCEMENT GENERAL\r\n\/\/ ============================================================\r\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\r\n    \/\/ 1. Lancement des optimisations de contenu\r\n    traiterLesLiens();\r\n    traiterLaTypographie();\r\n    \r\n});\r\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e1e67ff e-con-full iaGraphie e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e1e67ff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"iaGraphie\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7580973 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7580973\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aigraph<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8564608 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8564608\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">For the publication of this report, we used Google&rsquo;s NotebookLM and Gemini artificial intelligence (AI) tools. NotebookLM is a web-based research and note-taking application developed by Google Labs. It uses artificial intelligence (AI), specifically Google Gemini, to help users interact with a selection of documents. NotebookLM can generate summaries, explanations, and responses based on content uploaded by the user. For the publication of this report, NotebookLM and Gemini were used as follows:<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11ed7c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"11ed7c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<textarea id=\"excelInput\" rows=\"15\" cols=\"120\" style=\"display:none;\">\r\nTopics\tAI\r\nIdeation\t\u2718\r\nInformation retrieval and state-of-the-art synthesis\t\u2731\r\nDrafting\t\u2731\r\nRephrasing\t\u2731\r\nSpelling and\/or grammar correction\t\u2714\r\nSummary and\/or keyword generation\t\u2714\r\n<\/textarea>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"output\" class=\"table-wrapper\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\nfunction generateTable() {\r\n    let raw = document.getElementById('excelInput').value.trim();\r\n    \r\n    \/\/ 1. Pr\u00e9-traitement : Gestion des retours \u00e0 la ligne DANS les guillemets Excel\r\n    \/\/ On remplace les \\n \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur des guillemets par des <br> pour ne pas casser le tableau\r\n    raw = raw.replace(\/\"([^\"]*)\"\/gs, (match, content) => {\r\n        return content.replace(\/\\r?\\n\/g, '<br>'); \/\/ Remplace le saut de ligne par <br> visuel\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    \/\/ 2. Cr\u00e9ation des lignes\r\n    let allRows = raw.split(\/\\r?\\n\/).map(r => r.split(\"\\t\"));\r\n\r\n    let table = document.createElement('table');\r\n\r\n    allRows.forEach((row, rowIndex) => {\r\n        \/\/ On saute les lignes vides accidentelles\r\n        if (row.length <= 1 && row[0] === \"\") return;\r\n\r\n        let tr = document.createElement('tr');\r\n\r\n        row.forEach((cell, colIndex) => {\r\n            \/\/ Cr\u00e9ation TH pour la premi\u00e8re ligne, TD pour les autres\r\n            let el = (rowIndex === 0) ? document.createElement('th') : document.createElement('td');\r\n            \r\n            \/\/ Nettoyage des guillemets Excel restants et ajout du contenu\r\n            let cleanContent = cell.replace(\/^\"|\"$\/g, '').trim();\r\n            el.innerHTML = cleanContent; \/\/ innerHTML pour interpr\u00e9ter les <br>\r\n\r\n            \/\/ Classes CSS pour le style\r\n            if (rowIndex === 0) {\r\n                el.className = 'header-cell';\r\n            } else if (colIndex === 0) {\r\n                el.className = 'task-col'; \/\/ Premi\u00e8re colonne (T\u00e2ches)\r\n            } else {\r\n                el.className = 'check-col'; \/\/ Autres colonnes (OUI\/NON\/X)\r\n            }\r\n\r\n            tr.appendChild(el);\r\n        });\r\n\r\n        table.appendChild(tr);\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    let output = document.getElementById('output');\r\n    output.innerHTML = '';\r\n    output.appendChild(table);\r\n}\r\n\r\nwindow.onload = generateTable;\r\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e94465 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2e94465\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u2731 = Mixed <\/strong>and designates a hybrid process involving varying degrees of interaction between the artificial intelligence (AI) tool and the authors, and whose final version has been systematically edited, reviewed, and validated by the latter.<\/p><p>A public version of the NotebookLM \u00ab\u00a0Aides, Charit\u00e9 &amp; Philanthropies\u00a0\u00bb, based on the sources indicated in the bibliography, is accessible at this link: <a href=\"https:\/\/notebooklm.google.com\/notebook\/d969e310-71bd-4fc6-aebc-e7816bad2344\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">notebooklm.google.com<\/a>.<\/p><p>This mention of an AIgraphy is inspired by \u00ab\u00a0Comment indiquer l\u2019usage de l\u2019IA dans une publication scientifique ? Guide <em>\u00ab Citer l\u2019IA \u00bb<\/em> (Version 1, October 2024)\u00a0\u00bb Working paper prepared by: Ioana Galleron as part of the work of Axis No. 3 of the Consortium-HN ARIANE <a href=\"https:\/\/shs.hal.science\/halshs-04756419v1\/file\/Guide_citation_IA.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">shs.hal.science<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24e6c88 e-con-full archive-container e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"24e6c88\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"ArchCollab\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-150a17d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"150a17d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">ARCHIVES &amp; COLLABORATIVE DOCS<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a7ae7b e-con-full link-div e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3a7ae7b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1001096 elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"1001096\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icbfg- ic-bfg-download\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9d2332 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b9d2332\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/?sdm_process_download=1&#038;download_id=4991\">Download this report (.pdf)<\/a><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bae5402 e-con-full link-div e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bae5402\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5dd0c0f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5dd0c0f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ebcc1c8 elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"ebcc1c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icbfg- ic-bfg-comment\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-752449c elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"752449c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icbfg- ic-bfg-author\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b51e291 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b51e291\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32a3df5 elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"32a3df5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1UDIpCtw9cN_qGNI0thQ7PXL7mkzVvl5hZepmhhgUJyk\/edit?usp=sharing\">If you wish to exchange, annotate or correct certain information, click to go to our collaborative online publication.<\/a><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f6f86f e-con-full link-div e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0f6f86f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17a08fb elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"17a08fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icbfg- ic-bfg-download\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb1bd9c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fb1bd9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/?smd_process_download=1&#038;download_id=3154\">Download the 2022-2023 report (.pdf)<\/a><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6004d9e e-con-full link-div e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6004d9e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c7c105 elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"2c7c105\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icbfg- ic-bfg-download\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2389eed elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2389eed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/theblockchainforgood.org\/?sdm_process_download=1&#038;download_id=1657\">Download the 2020 white paper (.pdf)<\/a><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3de3f69 e-con-full credit-container e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3de3f69\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"Credit\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eaf854c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"eaf854c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Author<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac63673 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"ac63673\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4><a href='https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jafscv\/' class='author'  target='_blank'>Dr. Jacques-Andr\u00e9 Fines Schlumberger<\/a><\/h4><p class='bio'>Independent researcher and teacher, head of operations, Blockchain for Good<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bdd11c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bdd11c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contributors<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2fd301 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"e2fd301\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4><a href='https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/sunny-day\/' class='contributor'  target='_blank'>Alexandra Day<\/a><\/h4><p class='bio'>Project Manager, Blockchain for Good<\/p>\r\n<h4><a href='https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/aouatef-khelloqi-3a9624161\/' class='contributor'  target='_blank'>Aouatef Khelloqi<\/a><\/h4><p class='bio'>Web 3 for Impact Lab Lead, RadicalxChange Foundation<\/p>\r\n<h4><a href='https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/whonose\/' class='contributor'  target='_blank'>Benjamin Grauer<\/a><\/h4><p class='bio'>Innovation Director, Vadato (native crypto)<\/p>\r\n<h4><a href='https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/emilie-alice-fabrizi\/' class='contributor'  target='_blank'>Emilie-Alice Fabrizi<\/a><\/h4><p class='bio'>President, The Good Token Society<\/p>\r\n<h4><a href='https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/frederic2\/' class='contributor'  target='_blank'>Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Martin<\/a><\/h4><p class='bio'>CEO, Cybersecurity expert, myDid<\/p>\r\n<h4><a href='https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/guillaume-soto-mayor-60416769\/' class='contributor'  target='_blank'>Guillaume Sotto-Mayor<\/a><\/h4><p class='bio'>President, Egregor<\/p>\r\n<h4><a href='https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/in%C3%A8s-d-haultfoeuille-50a759aa\/' class='contributor'  target='_blank'>In\u00e8s d\u2019Haultfoeuille<\/a><\/h4><p class='bio'>Director of Development, Egregor<\/p>\r\n<h4><a href='https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/maliklakoubay\/' class='contributor'  target='_blank'>Malik Lakoubay<\/a><\/h4><p class='bio'>Director of Policy and Outreach, RadicalxChange Foundation<\/p>\r\n<h4><a href='https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/sirine-el-hadj-516760263\/' class='contributor'  target='_blank'>Sirine El Hadj<\/a><\/h4><p class='bio'>PhD candidate in business computing, Higher Institute of Management of Tunis, Tunisia<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-984f470 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"984f470\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reviewers<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb399f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"bb399f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4><a href='https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/achkirate\/' class='reviewer'  target='_blank'>Alexandre Chkirate<\/a><\/h4><p class='bio'>Head of Web3 Partnership, CoalaPay<\/p>\r\n<h4><a href='https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/annececileragot\/' class='reviewer'  target='_blank'>Anne-C\u00e9cile Ragot<\/a><\/h4><p class='bio'>Head of Development, International Solidarity NGO<\/p>\r\n<h4><a href='https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/louis-bertucci-25402551\/' class='reviewer'  target='_blank'>Dr. Louis Bertucci<\/a><\/h4><p class='bio'>Head of Center for Digital and Decentralized Finance (C2DF), Institut Louis Bachelier<\/p>\r\n<h4><a href='https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/emilienercolani\/' class='reviewer'  target='_blank'>Emilien Ercolani<\/a><\/h4><p class='bio'>Consultant in digital and societal transitions, Web3 (Independent)<\/p>\r\n<h4><a href='https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/mariostephan75\/' class='reviewer'  target='_blank'>Mario Stephan<\/a><\/h4><p class='bio'>Head of Diversification and Impact within the Philanthropy Unit, Doctors Without Borders Switzerland<\/p>\r\n<h4><a href='https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/no%C3%A9mie-di%C3%A9-7246a735\/' class='reviewer'  target='_blank'>No\u00e9mie Di\u00e9<\/a><\/h4><p class='bio'>Senior Strategic Planning Specialist, Dassault Syst\u00e8mes<\/p>\r\n<h4><a href='https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/pierrechampsavoir\/' class='reviewer'  target='_blank'>Pierre Champsavoir<\/a><\/h4><p class='bio'>Head of Strategy & Impacts, Happy Smala<\/p>\r\n<h4><a href='https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/pierre-fini-029864136\/' class='reviewer'  target='_blank'>Pierre Fini<\/a><\/h4><p class='bio'>Doctoral candidate in private law, Paris-Saclay University, France<\/p>\r\n<h4><a href='https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/pierre-noro\/' class='reviewer'  target='_blank'>Pierre Noro<\/a><\/h4><p class='bio'>Advisor, SciencesPo PSIA Tech & Global Affairs Innovation Hub<\/p>\r\n<h4><a href='https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/zakaryaeboudi\/' class='reviewer'  target='_blank'>Zakaryae Boudi<\/a><\/h4><p class='bio'>Co-founder & CEO, FeverTokens, Tokenized Economies Institute<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f8a8c1 e-con-full licence-container e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0f8a8c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"Licence\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59b5ea6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"59b5ea6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Licence<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb7c2f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fb7c2f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The content of this report is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons License: Attribution &#8211; NonCommercial &#8211; ShareAlike 4.0 International. You are free to: Share \u2014 copy and redistribute the report in any medium or format. Adapt \u2014 remix, transform, and build upon the report. Under the following terms: Attribution \u2014 You must give appropriate credit to the report, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made to the report. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the Licensor endorses you or your use of the report. NonCommercial \u2014 You may not use this report, or any part of the material comprising it, for commercial purposes. ShareAlike \u2014 If you remix, transform, or build upon the material comprising the original report, you must distribute the modified report under the same terms, i.e., under the same license as the original report. V.1.0. To cite this report: \u201cBlockchain &amp; Sustainable Development &#8211; Aid, Charity and Philanthropy, Volume 10, 2026\u201d, Jacques-Andr\u00e9 Fines Schlumberger, The Blockchain for Good non profit organization &#8211; France, January 2026.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5009c4 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b5009c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/mirrors.creativecommons.org\/presskit\/buttons\/88x31\/png\/by-nc-sa.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d14e102 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d14e102\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Disclaimer<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b5babb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9b5babb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">The Blockchain for Good Association publishes independent analyses. The opinions expressed in this report are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the individuals or organizations consulted, nor those of our partners.\n<\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11dd1f3 e-con-full mobile-nav-container elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-tablet e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"11dd1f3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;position&quot;:&quot;fixed&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2780fe5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2780fe5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"MenuToggle\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d650b0 open elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"4d650b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-bars\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M16 132h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16V76c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16C7.163 60 0 67.163 0 76v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f278dd8 close elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"f278dd8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-times\" viewBox=\"0 0 352 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M242.72 256l100.07-100.07c12.28-12.28 12.28-32.19 0-44.48l-22.24-22.24c-12.28-12.28-32.19-12.28-44.48 0L176 189.28 75.93 89.21c-12.28-12.28-32.19-12.28-44.48 0L9.21 111.45c-12.28 12.28-12.28 32.19 0 44.48L109.28 256 9.21 356.07c-12.28 12.28-12.28 32.19 0 44.48l22.24 22.24c12.28 12.28 32.2 12.28 44.48 0L176 322.72l100.07 100.07c12.28 12.28 32.2 12.28 44.48 0l22.24-22.24c12.28-12.28 12.28-32.19 0-44.48L242.72 256z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e08c0c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e08c0c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\" href=\"#Credit\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-762f556 elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"762f556\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icbfg- ic-bfg-author\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b8d5a7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3b8d5a7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\" href=\"#Licence\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04754ab elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"04754ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icbfg- ic-bfg-cc\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2de6b53 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2de6b53\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\" href=\"#ArchCollab\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5604d0c elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"5604d0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icbfg- ic-bfg-download\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0c47c6 e-con-full font-toggle e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f0c47c6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec89698 zoom-in elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"ec89698\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icbfg- ic-bfg-increase-size-font\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e90f52a zoom-out elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"e90f52a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icbfg- ic-bfg-decrease-font-size\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-983a865 e-con-full help-toggle e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"983a865\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2853bd animated-fast help-icon elementor-view-default elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"b2853bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInDown&quot;,&quot;_animation_mobile&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icbfg- ic-bfg-Help\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-554cea4 animated-fast close-help-icon elementor-view-default elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"554cea4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icbfg- ic-bfg-close\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13705bc e-con-full nav-content e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"13705bc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;position&quot;:&quot;fixed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c90514 nav-chapters  elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c90514\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"#h.3q6ib4iuinpw\">Introduction<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"#h.30j0zll\">Partie 1 : Pourquoi les crypto-actifs red\u00e9finissent la philanthropie ?<\/a><\/p><ul><li><a href=\"#h.4uarw88yxfu4\">Chapitre 1 : Du point de vue du donateur : Nouvelles motivations, nouveaux leviers<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h.50ubjrlsukr1\">Chapitre 2 : Du point de vue des acteurs de la solidarit\u00e9 : Un impact strat\u00e9gique et op\u00e9rationnel<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h.mwlwdb2nx95r\">Chapitre 3 : Du point de vue du b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaire : une aide directe et inclusive<\/a><\/li><\/ul><p><a href=\"#h.uiecnwbgjbzz\">Partie 2 : Comment les crypto-actifs sont-ils d\u00e9ploy\u00e9s \u00e0 des fins philanthropiques ?<\/a><\/p><ul><li><a href=\"#h.k3xrmagc4261\">Chapitre 4 : Les m\u00e9canismes de dons en crypto-actifs<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h.yuxvnf1m0v0n\">Chapitre 5 : Vers une aide programmable, v\u00e9rifiable et mesurable ?<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#h.k6zrdd9cqw8v\">Chapitre 6 : La crypto philanthropie par l&rsquo;engagement<\/a><\/li><\/ul><p><a href=\"#h.j8ztpspsay8z\">Risques, Enjeux et perspectives d&rsquo;avenir<\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8787cc introcution-module elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-mobile e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e8787cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72ad4c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"72ad4c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2219\" class=\"elementor elementor-2219\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor-hf\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e33ac38 e-con-full introduction-popup  animated-fast e-flex elementor-invisible e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6e33ac38\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" id=\"introduction-popup\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;position&quot;:&quot;fixed&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16700fd7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"16700fd7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-148641ac e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"148641ac\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b44f6c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0b44f6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"275\" height=\"164\" src=\"https:\/\/research.theblockchainforgood.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/blockchain_for_good_research.svg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3602\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d5b5fb7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d5b5fb7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This report is a thematic sub-section of a complete booklet, the object of which is research on the subject of \u00ab\u00a0<b>Blockchain and sustainable development<\/b>\u00ab\u00a0.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>We strongly recommend that you <b>first read the common introduction to all reports<\/b>.<br><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6264a643 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6264a643\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e155812 elementor-align-center elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-mobile-align-center button-like load-introduction inner-width-like-container elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"4e155812\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-size-sm\" role=\"button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">load the introduction<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e954d5e elementor-align-center button-like inner-width-like-container elementor-mobile-align-left elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"e954d5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"never-show-again\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-size-sm\" role=\"button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">never show again<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75f5c67 elementor-align-center button-like inner-width-like-container elementor-mobile-align-left elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"75f5c67\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"close-popup\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-size-sm\" role=\"button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">maybe later<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4b9887 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"c4b9887\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\r\n  document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\r\n  var popup = document.getElementById(\"introduction-popup\");\r\n  var neverShowAgainButton = document.getElementById(\"never-show-again\");\r\n  var closeButton = document.getElementById(\"close-popup\");\r\n\r\n  \/\/ V\u00e9rifie si le cookie existe\r\n  if (getCookie(\"popupClosed\")) {\r\n    popup.style.display = \"none\";\r\n  } else {\r\n    popup.style.display = \"flex\";\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/\/ Clic sur le bouton \"Ne plus jamais afficher\"\r\n  neverShowAgainButton.addEventListener(\"click\", function() {\r\n    setCookie(\"popupClosed\", true, 365);\r\n    popup.style.display = \"none\";\r\n  });\r\n\r\n  \/\/ Clic sur le bouton \"Fermer\"\r\n  closeButton.addEventListener(\"click\", function() {\r\n    popup.style.display = \"none\";\r\n  });\r\n\r\n  \/\/ Fonction pour d\u00e9finir un cookie\r\n  function setCookie(name, value, days) {\r\n    var expires = \"\";\r\n    if (days) {\r\n      var date = new Date();\r\n      date.setTime(date.getTime() + days * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000);\r\n      expires = \"; expires=\" + date.toUTCString();\r\n    }\r\n    document.cookie = name + \"=\" + (value || \"\") + expires + \"; path=\/\";\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/\/ Fonction pour r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer la valeur d'un cookie\r\n  function getCookie(name) {\r\n    var nameEQ = name + \"=\";\r\n    var ca = document.cookie.split(\";\");\r\n    for (var i = 0; i < ca.length; i++) {\r\n      var c = ca[i];\r\n      while (c.charAt(0) == \" \") c = c.substring(1, c.length);\r\n      if (c.indexOf(nameEQ) == 0) return c.substring(nameEQ.length, c.length);\r\n    }\r\n    return null;\r\n  }\r\n});\r\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32b3073 e-con-full report-container e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"32b3073\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-738d824 e-con-full progress-bar elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-tablet e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"738d824\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;position&quot;:&quot;fixed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c429490 elementor-widget elementor-widget-progress-tracker\" data-id=\"c429490\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;horizontal&quot;,&quot;relative_to&quot;:&quot;entire_page&quot;,&quot;percentage&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"progress-tracker.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-scrolling-tracker elementor-scrolling-tracker-horizontal elementor-scrolling-tracker-alignment-\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"current-progress\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"current-progress-percentage\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a61cae e-con-full help-module e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9a61cae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;position&quot;:&quot;fixed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66c39e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"66c39e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"1639\" class=\"elementor elementor-1639\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor-hf\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e33ac38 e-con-full help-container animated-fast e-flex elementor-invisible e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6e33ac38\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;slideInUp&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16700fd7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"16700fd7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe68c1a e-con-full introduction-loader-container e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fe68c1a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-148641ac e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"148641ac\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35d6eebd elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"35d6eebd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Read me<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d5b5fb7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d5b5fb7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u00a0We highly recommend reading the introduction of the complete report \u00ab\u00a0Blockchain and sustainable development\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e155812 elementor-align-center elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-mobile-align-left load-introduction help-toggle elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"4e155812\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-skew\" href=\"#Introduction\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Load the introduction<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e87e902 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e87e902\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4722e4a elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4722e4a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Navigation tips<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-552e2504 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"552e2504\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53f5a4ed e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"53f5a4ed\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0b51b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d0b51b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">[1]<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28e3be97 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28e3be97\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bca621f elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5bca621f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Click on the footnotes <b>without losing<\/b> the flow of your reading<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a18f27e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7a18f27e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ba510a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5ba510a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-408729e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"408729e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">hey<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2fe4f43c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2fe4f43c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6997aab8 elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6997aab8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Click on the underlined texts to see their <b>definitions<\/b> in a popup<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbef1a2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cbef1a2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1f82a0 e-con-full use-case-tips e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c1f82a0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a051ec e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6a051ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f20812b elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f20812b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Start of a usecase<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5807974 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5807974\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8452f5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f8452f5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-01eccd4 open elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"01eccd4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icbfg- ic-bfg-increase-size-font\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-adba62a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"adba62a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8cc0164 elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8cc0164\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">To increase or decrease <b>text size<\/b><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73bee97d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"73bee97d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b3c7e7a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3b3c7e7a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20aa48bb open elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"20aa48bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"icbfg- ic-bfg-Help\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c4333bb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3c4333bb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e8250bf elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4e8250bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">To display navigation <b>tips<\/b><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6264a643 e-con-full helpToggle elementor-hidden-mobile e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6264a643\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e954d5e elementor-align-right help-toggle elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"e954d5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-shrink\" role=\"button\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">\u00d7<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6061cb9 menu-script-end-page e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6061cb9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcca53e elementor-fixed elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"fcca53e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_position&quot;:&quot;fixed&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<script>\r\n\r\n        \/\/ Script pour basculer la classe \"active\" sur \".mobile-nav-container\"\r\n        var menuToggle = document.getElementById(\"MenuToggle\");\r\n        var navChapters = document.querySelector(\".nav-chapters\");\r\n        var mobileNavContainer = document.querySelector(\".mobile-nav-container\");\r\n\r\n        menuToggle.addEventListener(\"click\", function() {\r\n            mobileNavContainer.classList.toggle(\"active\");\r\n        });\r\n        navChapters.addEventListener(\"click\", function() {\r\n    mobileNavContainer.classList.toggle(\"active\");\r\n});\r\n        \r\n        \r\n        var fontToggles = document.querySelectorAll(\".font-toggle\");\r\n        var pageDiv = document.getElementById(\"page\");\r\n        \r\n        fontToggles.forEach(function(button) {\r\n            button.addEventListener(\"click\", function() {\r\n                pageDiv.classList.toggle(\"change-font-size\");\r\n            });\r\n        });\r\n\r\n        \/\/ Script pour basculer la classe \"help-is-shown\" sur \"#page\"\r\n        var helpToggles = document.querySelectorAll(\".help-toggle\");\r\n        \r\n        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